diff --git a/src/agents/sandbox-skills.e2e.test.ts b/src/agents/sandbox-skills.e2e.test.ts
index ae37f2a9f..0280c5d52 100644
--- a/src/agents/sandbox-skills.e2e.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/sandbox-skills.e2e.test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
+import { captureFullEnv } from "../test-utils/env.js";
 import { resolveSandboxContext } from "./sandbox.js";
 
 vi.mock("./sandbox/docker.js", () => ({
@@ -27,30 +28,15 @@ async function writeSkill(params: { dir: string; name: string; description: stri
   );
 }
 
-function restoreEnv(snapshot: Record<string, string | undefined>) {
-  for (const key of Object.keys(process.env)) {
-    if (!(key in snapshot)) {
-      delete process.env[key];
-    }
-  }
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(snapshot)) {
-    if (value === undefined) {
-      delete process.env[key];
-    } else {
-      process.env[key] = value;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 describe("sandbox skill mirroring", () => {
-  let envSnapshot: Record<string, string | undefined>;
+  let envSnapshot: ReturnType<typeof captureFullEnv>;
 
   beforeEach(() => {
-    envSnapshot = { ...process.env };
+    envSnapshot = captureFullEnv();
   });
 
   afterEach(() => {
-    restoreEnv(envSnapshot);
+    envSnapshot.restore();
   });
 
   const runContext = async (workspaceAccess: "none" | "ro") => {
diff --git a/src/infra/process-respawn.test.ts b/src/infra/process-respawn.test.ts
index d7ea3649a..324282ec9 100644
--- a/src/infra/process-respawn.test.ts
+++ b/src/infra/process-respawn.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { captureFullEnv } from "../test-utils/env.js";
 
 const spawnMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
 
@@ -8,27 +9,12 @@ vi.mock("node:child_process", () => ({
 
 import { restartGatewayProcessWithFreshPid } from "./process-respawn.js";
 
-const originalEnv = { ...process.env };
 const originalArgv = [...process.argv];
 const originalExecArgv = [...process.execArgv];
-
-function restoreEnv() {
-  for (const key of Object.keys(process.env)) {
-    if (!(key in originalEnv)) {
-      delete process.env[key];
-    }
-  }
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(originalEnv)) {
-    if (value === undefined) {
-      delete process.env[key];
-    } else {
-      process.env[key] = value;
-    }
-  }
-}
+const envSnapshot = captureFullEnv();
 
 afterEach(() => {
-  restoreEnv();
+  envSnapshot.restore();
   process.argv = [...originalArgv];
   process.execArgv = [...originalExecArgv];
   spawnMock.mockReset();
diff --git a/src/media/store.test.ts b/src/media/store.test.ts
index 5e7f510a8..642ab1c37 100644
--- a/src/media/store.test.ts
+++ b/src/media/store.test.ts
@@ -5,30 +5,21 @@ import path from "node:path";
 import sharp from "sharp";
 import { afterAll, beforeAll, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { isPathWithinBase } from "../../test/helpers/paths.js";
+import { captureEnv } from "../test-utils/env.js";
 
 describe("media store", () => {
   let store: typeof import("./store.js");
   let home = "";
-  const envSnapshot: Record<string, string | undefined> = {};
-
-  const snapshotEnv = () => {
-    for (const key of ["HOME", "USERPROFILE", "HOMEDRIVE", "HOMEPATH", "OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR"]) {
-      envSnapshot[key] = process.env[key];
-    }
-  };
-
-  const restoreEnv = () => {
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(envSnapshot)) {
-      if (value === undefined) {
-        delete process.env[key];
-      } else {
-        process.env[key] = value;
-      }
-    }
-  };
+  let envSnapshot: ReturnType<typeof captureEnv>;
 
   beforeAll(async () => {
-    snapshotEnv();
+    envSnapshot = captureEnv([
+      "HOME",
+      "USERPROFILE",
+      "HOMEDRIVE",
+      "HOMEPATH",
+      "OPENCLAW_STATE_DIR",
+    ]);
     home = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-test-home-"));
     process.env.HOME = home;
     process.env.USERPROFILE = home;
@@ -45,7 +36,7 @@ describe("media store", () => {
   });
 
   afterAll(async () => {
-    restoreEnv();
+    envSnapshot.restore();
     try {
       await fs.rm(home, { recursive: true, force: true });
     } catch {
diff --git a/src/test-utils/env.ts b/src/test-utils/env.ts
index 9e813dcff..36c9b137f 100644
--- a/src/test-utils/env.ts
+++ b/src/test-utils/env.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,27 @@ export function captureEnv(keys: string[]) {
   };
 }
 
+export function captureFullEnv() {
+  const snapshot: Record<string, string | undefined> = { ...process.env };
+
+  return {
+    restore() {
+      for (const key of Object.keys(process.env)) {
+        if (!(key in snapshot)) {
+          delete process.env[key];
+        }
+      }
+      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(snapshot)) {
+        if (value === undefined) {
+          delete process.env[key];
+        } else {
+          process.env[key] = value;
+        }
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 export function withEnv<T>(env: Record<string, string | undefined>, fn: () => T): T {
   const snapshot = captureEnv(Object.keys(env));
   try {