diff --git a/src/acp/translator.session-rate-limit.test.ts b/src/acp/translator.session-rate-limit.test.ts
index 21273e241..3e3977da1 100644
--- a/src/acp/translator.session-rate-limit.test.ts
+++ b/src/acp/translator.session-rate-limit.test.ts
@@ -52,6 +52,25 @@ function createPromptRequest(
   } as unknown as PromptRequest;
 }
 
+async function expectOversizedPromptRejected(params: { sessionId: string; text: string }) {
+  const request = vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true })) as GatewayClient["request"];
+  const sessionStore = createInMemorySessionStore();
+  const agent = new AcpGatewayAgent(createConnection(), createGateway(request), {
+    sessionStore,
+  });
+  await agent.loadSession(createLoadSessionRequest(params.sessionId));
+
+  await expect(agent.prompt(createPromptRequest(params.sessionId, params.text))).rejects.toThrow(
+    /maximum allowed size/i,
+  );
+  expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith("chat.send", expect.anything(), expect.anything());
+  const session = sessionStore.getSession(params.sessionId);
+  expect(session?.activeRunId).toBeNull();
+  expect(session?.abortController).toBeNull();
+
+  sessionStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
+}
+
 describe("acp session creation rate limit", () => {
   it("rate limits excessive newSession bursts", async () => {
     const sessionStore = createInMemorySessionStore();
@@ -94,42 +113,16 @@ describe("acp session creation rate limit", () => {
 
 describe("acp prompt size hardening", () => {
   it("rejects oversized prompt blocks without leaking active runs", async () => {
-    const request = vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true })) as GatewayClient["request"];
-    const sessionStore = createInMemorySessionStore();
-    const agent = new AcpGatewayAgent(createConnection(), createGateway(request), {
-      sessionStore,
+    await expectOversizedPromptRejected({
+      sessionId: "prompt-limit-oversize",
+      text: "a".repeat(2 * 1024 * 1024 + 1),
     });
-    const sessionId = "prompt-limit-oversize";
-    await agent.loadSession(createLoadSessionRequest(sessionId));
-
-    await expect(
-      agent.prompt(createPromptRequest(sessionId, "a".repeat(2 * 1024 * 1024 + 1))),
-    ).rejects.toThrow(/maximum allowed size/i);
-    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith("chat.send", expect.anything(), expect.anything());
-    const session = sessionStore.getSession(sessionId);
-    expect(session?.activeRunId).toBeNull();
-    expect(session?.abortController).toBeNull();
-
-    sessionStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
   });
 
   it("rejects oversize final messages from cwd prefix without leaking active runs", async () => {
-    const request = vi.fn(async () => ({ ok: true })) as GatewayClient["request"];
-    const sessionStore = createInMemorySessionStore();
-    const agent = new AcpGatewayAgent(createConnection(), createGateway(request), {
-      sessionStore,
+    await expectOversizedPromptRejected({
+      sessionId: "prompt-limit-prefix",
+      text: "a".repeat(2 * 1024 * 1024),
     });
-    const sessionId = "prompt-limit-prefix";
-    await agent.loadSession(createLoadSessionRequest(sessionId));
-
-    await expect(
-      agent.prompt(createPromptRequest(sessionId, "a".repeat(2 * 1024 * 1024))),
-    ).rejects.toThrow(/maximum allowed size/i);
-    expect(request).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith("chat.send", expect.anything(), expect.anything());
-    const session = sessionStore.getSession(sessionId);
-    expect(session?.activeRunId).toBeNull();
-    expect(session?.abortController).toBeNull();
-
-    sessionStore.clearAllSessionsForTest();
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/agents/chutes-oauth.e2e.test.ts b/src/agents/chutes-oauth.e2e.test.ts
index 079dbe361..72da322a0 100644
--- a/src/agents/chutes-oauth.e2e.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/chutes-oauth.e2e.test.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,27 @@ const urlToString = (url: Request | URL | string): string => {
   return "url" in url ? url.url : String(url);
 };
 
+function createStoredCredential(
+  now: number,
+): Parameters<typeof refreshChutesTokens>[0]["credential"] {
+  return {
+    access: "at_old",
+    refresh: "rt_old",
+    expires: now - 10_000,
+    email: "fred",
+    clientId: "cid_test",
+  } as unknown as Parameters<typeof refreshChutesTokens>[0]["credential"];
+}
+
+function expectRefreshedCredential(
+  refreshed: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof refreshChutesTokens>>,
+  now: number,
+) {
+  expect(refreshed.access).toBe("at_new");
+  expect(refreshed.refresh).toBe("rt_old");
+  expect(refreshed.expires).toBe(now + 1800 * 1000 - 5 * 60 * 1000);
+}
+
 describe("chutes-oauth", () => {
   it("exchanges code for tokens and stores username as email", async () => {
     const fetchFn = withFetchPreconnect(async (input: RequestInfo | URL, init?: RequestInit) => {
@@ -87,20 +108,12 @@ describe("chutes-oauth", () => {
 
     const now = 2_000_000;
     const refreshed = await refreshChutesTokens({
-      credential: {
-        access: "at_old",
-        refresh: "rt_old",
-        expires: now - 10_000,
-        email: "fred",
-        clientId: "cid_test",
-      } as unknown as Parameters<typeof refreshChutesTokens>[0]["credential"],
+      credential: createStoredCredential(now),
       fetchFn,
       now,
     });
 
-    expect(refreshed.access).toBe("at_new");
-    expect(refreshed.refresh).toBe("rt_old");
-    expect(refreshed.expires).toBe(now + 1800 * 1000 - 5 * 60 * 1000);
+    expectRefreshedCredential(refreshed, now);
   });
 
   it("refreshes tokens and ignores empty refresh_token values", async () => {
@@ -122,19 +135,11 @@ describe("chutes-oauth", () => {
 
     const now = 3_000_000;
     const refreshed = await refreshChutesTokens({
-      credential: {
-        access: "at_old",
-        refresh: "rt_old",
-        expires: now - 10_000,
-        email: "fred",
-        clientId: "cid_test",
-      } as unknown as Parameters<typeof refreshChutesTokens>[0]["credential"],
+      credential: createStoredCredential(now),
       fetchFn,
       now,
     });
 
-    expect(refreshed.access).toBe("at_new");
-    expect(refreshed.refresh).toBe("rt_old");
-    expect(refreshed.expires).toBe(now + 1800 * 1000 - 5 * 60 * 1000);
+    expectRefreshedCredential(refreshed, now);
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/agents/openclaw-tools.subagents.sessions-spawn.lifecycle.e2e.test.ts b/src/agents/openclaw-tools.subagents.sessions-spawn.lifecycle.e2e.test.ts
index d929ff16f..cf275cff0 100644
--- a/src/agents/openclaw-tools.subagents.sessions-spawn.lifecycle.e2e.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/openclaw-tools.subagents.sessions-spawn.lifecycle.e2e.test.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,20 @@ async function getSessionsSpawnTool(opts: CreateOpenClawToolsOpts) {
 type GatewayRequest = { method?: string; params?: unknown };
 type AgentWaitCall = { runId?: string; timeoutMs?: number };
 
+function buildDiscordCleanupHooks(onDelete: (key: string | undefined) => void) {
+  return {
+    onAgentSubagentSpawn: (params: unknown) => {
+      const rec = params as { channel?: string; timeout?: number } | undefined;
+      expect(rec?.channel).toBe("discord");
+      expect(rec?.timeout).toBe(1);
+    },
+    onSessionsDelete: (params: unknown) => {
+      const rec = params as { key?: string } | undefined;
+      onDelete(rec?.key);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 function setupSessionsSpawnGatewayMock(opts: {
   includeSessionsList?: boolean;
   includeChatHistory?: boolean;
@@ -216,15 +230,9 @@ describe("openclaw-tools: subagents (sessions_spawn lifecycle)", () => {
     callGatewayMock.mockReset();
     let deletedKey: string | undefined;
     const ctx = setupSessionsSpawnGatewayMock({
-      onAgentSubagentSpawn: (params) => {
-        const rec = params as { channel?: string; timeout?: number } | undefined;
-        expect(rec?.channel).toBe("discord");
-        expect(rec?.timeout).toBe(1);
-      },
-      onSessionsDelete: (params) => {
-        const rec = params as { key?: string } | undefined;
-        deletedKey = rec?.key;
-      },
+      ...buildDiscordCleanupHooks((key) => {
+        deletedKey = key;
+      }),
     });
 
     const tool = await getSessionsSpawnTool({
@@ -309,15 +317,9 @@ describe("openclaw-tools: subagents (sessions_spawn lifecycle)", () => {
     let deletedKey: string | undefined;
     const ctx = setupSessionsSpawnGatewayMock({
       includeChatHistory: true,
-      onAgentSubagentSpawn: (params) => {
-        const rec = params as { channel?: string; timeout?: number } | undefined;
-        expect(rec?.channel).toBe("discord");
-        expect(rec?.timeout).toBe(1);
-      },
-      onSessionsDelete: (params) => {
-        const rec = params as { key?: string } | undefined;
-        deletedKey = rec?.key;
-      },
+      ...buildDiscordCleanupHooks((key) => {
+        deletedKey = key;
+      }),
       agentWaitResult: { status: "ok", startedAt: 3000, endedAt: 4000 },
     });