Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/main'

# Conflicts:
#	src/channels/plugins/outbound/telegram.ts

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ body:
     attributes:
       label: Summary
       description: One-sentence statement of what is broken.
-      placeholder: After upgrading to 2026.2.13, Telegram thread replies fail with "reply target not found".
+      placeholder: After upgrading to <version>, <channel> behavior regressed from <prior version>.
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ body:
     attributes:
       label: OpenClaw version
       description: Exact version/build tested.
-      placeholder: 2026.2.13
+      placeholder: <version such as 2026.2.17>
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: input
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ body:
         - Frequency (always/intermittent/edge case)
         - Consequence (missed messages, failed onboarding, extra cost, etc.)
       placeholder: |
-        Affected: Telegram group users on 2026.2.13
+        Affected: Telegram group users on <version>
         Severity: High (blocks replies)
         Frequency: 100% repro
         Consequence: Agents cannot respond in threads
@@ -92,4 +92,4 @@ body:
     attributes:
       label: Additional information
       description: Add any context that helps triage but does not fit above.
-      placeholder: Regression started after upgrade from 2026.2.12; temporary workaround is restarting gateway every 30m.
+      placeholder: Regression started after upgrade from <previous-version>; temporary workaround is ...

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
   - name: Onboarding
     url: https://discord.gg/clawd
-    about: New to OpenClaw? Join Discord for setup guidance from Krill in \#help.
+    about: "New to OpenClaw? Join Discord for setup guidance in #help."
   - name: Support
     url: https://discord.gg/clawd
-    about: Get help from Krill and the community on Discord in \#help.
+    about: "Get help from the OpenClaw community on Discord in #help."

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ body:
     attributes:
       label: Problem to solve
       description: What user pain this solves and why current behavior is insufficient.
-      placeholder: Teams cannot distinguish agent personas in mixed channels, causing misrouted follow-ups.
+      placeholder: Agents cannot distinguish persona context in mixed channels, causing misrouted follow-ups.
     validations:
       required: true
   - type: textarea

.github/workflows/auto-response.yml

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ jobs:
             const invalidLabel = "invalid";
             const dirtyLabel = "dirty";
             const noisyPrMessage =
-              "Closing this PR because it looks dirty (too many unrelated commits). Please recreate the PR from a clean branch.";
+              "Closing this PR because it looks dirty (too many unrelated or unexpected changes). This usually happens when a branch picks up unrelated commits or a merge went sideways. Please recreate the PR from a clean branch.";
 
             const pullRequest = context.payload.pull_request;
             if (pullRequest) {

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -259,6 +259,45 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check types and lint and oxfmt
         run: pnpm check
 
+  # Report-only dead-code scans. Runs after scope detection and stores machine-readable
+  # results as artifacts for later triage before we enable hard gates.
+  # Temporarily disabled in CI while we process initial findings.
+  deadcode:
+    name: dead-code report
+    needs: [docs-scope, changed-scope]
+    # if: needs.docs-scope.outputs.docs_only != 'true' && (github.event_name == 'push' || needs.changed-scope.outputs.run_node == 'true')
+    if: false
+    runs-on: blacksmith-16vcpu-ubuntu-2404
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - tool: knip
+            command: pnpm deadcode:report:ci:knip
+          - tool: ts-prune
+            command: pnpm deadcode:report:ci:ts-prune
+          - tool: ts-unused-exports
+            command: pnpm deadcode:report:ci:ts-unused
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: false
+
+      - name: Setup Node environment
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-node-env
+        with:
+          install-bun: "false"
+
+      - name: Run ${{ matrix.tool }} dead-code scan
+        run: ${{ matrix.command }}
+
+      - name: Upload dead-code results
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: dead-code-${{ matrix.tool }}-${{ github.run_id }}
+          path: .artifacts/deadcode
+
   # Validate docs (format, lint, broken links) only when docs files changed.
   check-docs:
     needs: [docs-scope]

.gitignore

@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ __pycache__/
 ui/src/ui/__screenshots__/
 ui/playwright-report/
 ui/test-results/
+packages/dashboard-next/.next/
+packages/dashboard-next/out/
+
+# Mise configuration files
+mise.toml
 
 # Android build artifacts
 apps/android/.gradle/
@@ -90,6 +95,12 @@ USER.md
 /local/
 package-lock.json
 .claude/settings.local.json
+.agents/
+.agents
+.agent/
 
 # Local iOS signing overrides
 apps/ios/LocalSigning.xcconfig
+# Generated protocol schema (produced via pnpm protocol:gen)
+dist/protocol.schema.json
+.ant-colony/

AGENTS.md

@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@
   `gh pr list -R "$fork" --state open` (must be empty)
 - Description newline footgun: write Markdown via heredoc to `/tmp/ghsa.desc.md` (no `"\\n"` strings)
 - Build patch JSON via jq: `jq -n --rawfile desc /tmp/ghsa.desc.md '{summary,severity,description:$desc,vulnerabilities:[...]}' > /tmp/ghsa.patch.json`
+- GHSA API footgun: cannot set `severity` and `cvss_vector_string` in the same PATCH; do separate calls.
 - Patch + publish: `gh api -X PATCH /repos/openclaw/openclaw/security-advisories/<GHSA> --input /tmp/ghsa.patch.json` (publish = include `"state":"published"`; no `/publish` endpoint)
 - If publish fails (HTTP 422): missing `severity`/`description`/`vulnerabilities[]`, or private fork has open PRs
 - Verify: re-fetch; ensure `state=published`, `published_at` set; `jq -r .description | rg '\\\\n'` returns nothing

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,50 +2,267 @@
 
 Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
-## 2026.2.20 (Unreleased)
+## 2026.2.22 (Unreleased)
 
 ### Changes
 
-- Channels/CLI: add per-account/channel `defaultTo` outbound routing fallback so `openclaw agent --deliver` can send without explicit `--reply-to` when a default target is configured. (#16985) Thanks @KirillShchetinin.
-- iOS/Gateway: stabilize background wake and reconnect behavior with background reconnect suppression/lease windows, BGAppRefresh wake fallback, location wake hook throttling, and APNs wake retry+nudge instrumentation. (#21226) thanks @mbelinky.
-- Auto-reply/UI: add model fallback lifecycle visibility in verbose logs, /status active-model context with fallback reason, and cohesive WebUI fallback indicators. (#20704) Thanks @joshavant.
+- Skills: remove bundled `food-order` skill from this repo; manage/install it from ClawHub instead.
+- Docs/Subagents: make thread-bound session guidance channel-first instead of Discord-specific, and list thread-supporting channels explicitly. (#23589) Thanks @osolmaz.
+- Channels/Config: unify channel preview streaming config handling with a shared resolver and canonical migration path.
+- Discord/Allowlist: canonicalize resolved Discord allowlist names to IDs and split resolution flow for clearer fail-closed behavior.
+- Memory/FTS: add Korean stop-word filtering and particle-aware keyword extraction (including mixed Korean/English stems) for query expansion in FTS-only search mode. (#18899) Thanks @ruypang.
+- iOS/Talk: prefetch TTS segments and suppress expected speech-cancellation errors for smoother talk playback. (#22833) Thanks @ngutman.
+
+### Breaking
+
+- **BREAKING:** remove legacy Gateway device-auth signature `v1`. Device-auth clients must now sign `v2` payloads with the per-connection `connect.challenge` nonce and send `device.nonce`; nonce-less connects are rejected.
+- **BREAKING:** unify channel preview-streaming config to `channels.<channel>.streaming` with enum values `off | partial | block | progress`, and move Slack native stream toggle to `channels.slack.nativeStreaming`. Legacy keys (`streamMode`, Slack boolean `streaming`) are still read and migrated by `openclaw doctor --fix`, but canonical saved config/docs now use the unified names.
+- **BREAKING:** CLI local onboarding now sets `session.dmScope` to `per-channel-peer` by default for new/implicit DM scope configuration. If you depend on shared DM continuity across senders, explicitly set `session.dmScope` to `main`. (#23468) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- **BREAKING:** tool-failure replies now hide raw error details by default. OpenClaw still sends a failure summary, but detailed error suffixes (for example provider/runtime messages and local path fragments) now require `/verbose on` or `/verbose full`.
 
 ### Fixes
 
-- macOS/Build: default release packaging to `BUNDLE_ID=ai.openclaw.mac` in `scripts/package-mac-dist.sh`, so Sparkle feed URL is retained and auto-update no longer fails with an empty appcast feed. (#19750) thanks @loganprit.
+- Signal/RPC: guard malformed Signal RPC JSON responses with a clear status-scoped error and add regression coverage for invalid JSON responses. (#22995) Thanks @adhitShet.
+- Gateway/Subagents: guard gateway and subagent session-key/message trim paths against undefined inputs to prevent early `Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'trim')` crashes during subagent spawn and wait flows.
+- Agents/Workspace: guard `resolveUserPath` against undefined/null input to prevent `Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'trim')` crashes when workspace paths are missing in embedded runner flows.
+- Auth/Profiles: keep active `cooldownUntil`/`disabledUntil` windows immutable across retries so mid-window failures cannot extend recovery indefinitely; only recompute a backoff window after the previous deadline has expired. This resolves cron/inbound retry loops that could trap gateways until manual `usageStats` cleanup. (#23516, #23536) Thanks @arosstale.
+- Channels/Security: fail closed on missing provider group policy config by defaulting runtime group policy to `allowlist` (instead of inheriting `channels.defaults.groupPolicy`) when `channels.<provider>` is absent across message channels, and align runtime + security warnings/docs to the same fallback behavior (Slack, Discord, iMessage, Telegram, WhatsApp, Signal, LINE, Matrix, Mattermost, Google Chat, IRC, Nextcloud Talk, Feishu, and Zalo user flows; plus Discord message/native-command paths). (#23367) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Gateway/Onboarding: harden remote gateway onboarding defaults and guidance by defaulting discovered direct URLs to `wss://`, rejecting insecure non-loopback `ws://` targets in onboarding validation, and expanding remote-security remediation messaging across gateway client/call/doctor flows. (#23476) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- CLI/Sessions: pass the configured sessions directory when resolving transcript paths in `agentCommand`, so custom `session.store` locations resume sessions reliably. Thanks @davidrudduck.
+- Gateway/Chat UI: strip inline reply/audio directive tags from non-streaming final webchat broadcasts (including `chat.inject`) while preserving empty-string message content when tags are the entire reply. (#23298) Thanks @SidQin-cyber.
+- Gateway/Restart: fix restart-loop edge cases by keeping `openclaw.mjs -> dist/entry.js` bootstrap detection explicit, reacquiring the gateway lock for in-process restart fallback paths, and tightening restart-loop regression coverage. (#23416) Thanks @jeffwnli.
+- Signal/Monitor: treat user-initiated abort shutdowns as clean exits when auto-started `signal-cli` is terminated, while still surfacing unexpected daemon exits as startup/runtime failures. (#23379) Thanks @frankekn.
+- Channels/Dedupe: centralize plugin dedupe primitives in plugin SDK (memory + persistent), move Feishu inbound dedupe to a namespace-scoped persistent store, and reuse shared dedupe cache logic for Zalo webhook replay + Tlon processed-message tracking to reduce duplicate handling during reconnect/replay paths. (#23377) Thanks @SidQin-cyber.
+- Channels/Delivery: remove hardcoded WhatsApp delivery fallbacks; require explicit/session channel context or auto-pick the sole configured channel when unambiguous. (#23357) Thanks @lbo728.
+- ACP/Gateway: wait for gateway hello before opening ACP requests, and fail fast on pre-hello connect failures to avoid startup hangs and early `gateway not connected` request races. (#23390) Thanks @janckerchen.
+- Security/Audit: add `openclaw security audit` detection for open group policies that expose runtime/filesystem tools without sandbox/workspace guards (`security.exposure.open_groups_with_runtime_or_fs`).
+- Security/Audit: make `gateway.real_ip_fallback_enabled` severity conditional for loopback trusted-proxy setups (warn for loopback-only `trustedProxies`, critical when non-loopback proxies are trusted). (#23428) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Security/Exec env: block request-scoped `HOME` and `ZDOTDIR` overrides in host exec env sanitizers (Node + macOS), preventing shell startup-file execution before allowlist-evaluated command bodies. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Exec env: block `SHELLOPTS`/`PS4` in host exec env sanitizers and restrict shell-wrapper (`bash|sh|zsh ... -c/-lc`) request env overrides to a small explicit allowlist (`TERM`, `LANG`, `LC_*`, `COLORTERM`, `NO_COLOR`, `FORCE_COLOR`) on both node host and macOS companion paths, preventing xtrace prompt command-substitution allowlist bypasses. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Gateway: emit a startup security warning when insecure/dangerous config flags are enabled (including `gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyDisableDeviceAuth=true`) and point operators to `openclaw security audit`.
+- Security/Hooks auth: normalize hook auth rate-limit client IP keys so IPv4 and IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses share one throttle bucket, preventing dual-form auth-attempt budget bypasses. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- Security/Exec approvals: treat `env` and shell-dispatch wrappers as transparent during allowlist analysis on node-host and macOS companion paths so policy checks match the effective executable/inline shell payload instead of the wrapper binary, blocking wrapper-smuggled allowlist bypasses. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Exec approvals: require explicit safe-bin profiles for `tools.exec.safeBins` entries in allowlist mode (remove generic safe-bin profile fallback), and add `tools.exec.safeBinProfiles` for safe custom binaries so unprofiled interpreter-style entries cannot be treated as stdin-safe. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Channels: harden Slack external menu token handling by switching to CSPRNG tokens, validating token shape, requiring user identity for external option lookups, and avoiding fabricated timestamp `trigger_id` fallbacks; also switch Tlon Urbit channel IDs to CSPRNG UUIDs, centralize secure ID/token generation via shared infra helpers, and add a guardrail test to block new runtime `Date.now()+Math.random()` token/id patterns.
+- Security/Hooks transforms: enforce symlink-safe containment for webhook transform module paths (including `hooks.transformsDir` and `hooks.mappings[].transform.module`) by resolving existing-path ancestors via realpath before import, while preserving in-root symlink support; add regression coverage for both escape and allow cases. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- Telegram/WSL2: disable `autoSelectFamily` by default on WSL2 and memoize WSL2 detection in Telegram network decision logic to avoid repeated sync `/proc/version` probes on fetch/send paths. (#21916) Thanks @MizukiMachine.
+- Telegram/Network: default Node 22+ DNS result ordering to `ipv4first` for Telegram fetch paths and add `OPENCLAW_TELEGRAM_DNS_RESULT_ORDER`/`channels.telegram.network.dnsResultOrder` overrides to reduce IPv6-path fetch failures. (#5405) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Telegram/Streaming: preserve archived draft preview mapping after flush and clean superseded reasoning preview bubbles so multi-message preview finals no longer cross-edit or orphan stale messages under send/rotation races. (#23202) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Telegram/Polling: persist a safe update-offset watermark bounded by pending updates so crash/restart cannot skip queued lower `update_id` updates after out-of-order completion. (#23284) thanks @frankekn.
+- Slack/Slash commands: preserve the Bolt app receiver when registering external select options handlers so monitor startup does not crash on runtimes that require bound `app.options` calls. (#23209) Thanks @0xgaia.
+- Slack/Telegram slash sessions: await session metadata persistence before dispatch so first-turn native slash runs do not race session-origin metadata updates. (#23065) thanks @hydro13.
+- Agents/Ollama: preserve unsafe integer tool-call arguments as exact strings during NDJSON parsing, preventing large numeric IDs from being rounded before tool execution. (#23170) Thanks @BestJoester.
+- Cron/Gateway: keep `cron.list` and `cron.status` responsive during startup catch-up by avoiding a long-held cron lock while missed jobs execute. (#23106) Thanks @jayleekr.
+- Gateway/Config reload: compare array-valued config paths structurally during diffing so unchanged `memory.qmd.paths` and `memory.qmd.scope.rules` no longer trigger false restart-required reloads. (#23185) Thanks @rex05ai.
+- Gateway/Config reload: retry short-lived missing config snapshots during reload before skipping, preventing atomic-write unlink windows from triggering restart loops. (#23343) Thanks @lbo728.
+- Cron/Scheduling: validate runtime cron expressions before schedule/stagger evaluation so malformed persisted jobs report a clear `invalid cron schedule: expr is required` error instead of crashing with `undefined.trim` failures and auto-disable churn. (#23223) Thanks @asimons81.
+- Memory/QMD: migrate legacy unscoped collection bindings (for example `memory-root`) to per-agent scoped names (for example `memory-root-main`) during startup when safe, so QMD-backed `memory_search` no longer fails with `Collection not found` after upgrades. (#23228, #20727) Thanks @JLDynamics and @AaronFaby.
+- Memory/QMD: normalize Han-script BM25 search queries before invoking `qmd search` so mixed CJK+Latin prompts no longer return empty results due to tokenizer mismatch. (#23426) Thanks @LunaLee0130.
+- TUI/Input: enable multiline-paste burst coalescing on macOS Terminal.app and iTerm so pasted blocks no longer submit line-by-line as separate messages. (#18809) Thanks @fwends.
+- TUI/RTL: isolate right-to-left script lines (Arabic/Hebrew ranges) with Unicode bidi isolation marks in TUI text sanitization so RTL assistant output no longer renders in reversed visual order in terminal chat panes. (#21936) Thanks @Asm3r96.
+- TUI/Status: request immediate renders after setting `sending`/`waiting` activity states so in-flight runs always show visible progress indicators instead of appearing idle until completion. (#21549) Thanks @13Guinness.
+- TUI/Input: arm Ctrl+C exit timing when clearing non-empty composer text and add a SIGINT fallback path so double Ctrl+C exits remain responsive during active runs instead of requiring an extra press or appearing stuck. (#23407) Thanks @tinybluedev.
+- Agents/Fallbacks: treat JSON payloads with `type: "api_error"` + `"Internal server error"` as transient failover errors so Anthropic 500-style failures trigger model fallback. (#23193) Thanks @jarvis-lane.
+- Agents/Google: sanitize non-base64 `thought_signature`/`thoughtSignature` values from assistant replay transcripts for native Google Gemini requests while preserving valid signatures and tool-call order. (#23457) Thanks @echoVic.
+- Agents/Transcripts: validate assistant tool-call names (syntax/length + registered tool allowlist) before transcript persistence and during replay sanitization so malformed failover tool names no longer poison sessions with repeated provider HTTP 400 errors. (#23324) Thanks @johnsantry.
+- Agents/Compaction: strip stale assistant usage snapshots from pre-compaction turns when replaying history after a compaction summary so context-token estimation no longer reuses pre-compaction totals and immediately re-triggers destructive follow-up compactions. (#19127) Thanks @tedwatson.
+- Agents/Replies: emit a default completion acknowledgement (`✅ Done.`) when runs execute tools successfully but return no final assistant text, preventing silent no-reply turns after tool-only completions. (#22834) Thanks @Oldshue.
+- Agents/Subagents: honor `tools.subagents.tools.alsoAllow` and explicit subagent `allow` entries when resolving built-in subagent deny defaults, so explicitly granted tools (for example `sessions_send`) are no longer blocked unless re-denied in `tools.subagents.tools.deny`. (#23359) Thanks @goren-beehero.
+- Agents/Diagnostics: include resolved lifecycle error text in `embedded run agent end` warnings so UI/TUI “Connection error” runs expose actionable provider failure reasons in gateway logs. (#23054) Thanks @Raize.
+- Agents/Auth profiles: skip auth-profile cooldown writes for timeout failures in embedded runner rotation so model/network timeouts do not poison same-provider fallback model selection while still allowing in-turn account rotation. (#22622) Thanks @vageeshkumar.
+- Plugins/Hooks: run legacy `before_agent_start` once per agent turn and reuse that result across model-resolve and prompt-build compatibility paths, preventing duplicate hook side effects (for example duplicate external API calls). (#23289) Thanks @ksato8710.
+- Models/Config: default missing Anthropic provider/model `api` fields to `anthropic-messages` during config validation so custom relay model entries are preserved instead of being dropped by runtime model registry validation. (#23332) Thanks @bigbigmonkey123.
+- Gateway/Pairing: treat operator.admin pairing tokens as satisfying operator.write requests so legacy devices stop looping through scope-upgrade prompts introduced in 2026.2.19. (#23125, #23006) Thanks @vignesh07.
+- Gateway/Pairing: treat `operator.admin` as satisfying other `operator.*` scope checks during device-auth verification so local CLI/TUI sessions stop entering pairing-required loops for pairing/approval-scoped commands. (#22062, #22193, #21191) Thanks @Botaccess, @jhartshorn, and @ctbritt.
+- Gateway/Pairing: preserve existing approved token scopes when processing repair pairings that omit `scopes`, preventing empty-scope token regressions on reconnecting clients. (#21906) Thanks @paki81.
+- Gateway/Scopes: include `operator.read` and `operator.write` in default operator connect scope bundles across CLI, Control UI, and macOS clients so write-scoped announce/sub-agent follow-up calls no longer hit `pairing required` disconnects on loopback gateways. (#22582) thanks @YuzuruS.
+- Plugins/CLI: make `openclaw plugins enable` and plugin install/link flows update allowlists via shared plugin-enable policy so enabled plugins are not left disabled by allowlist mismatch. (#23190) Thanks @downwind7clawd-ctrl.
+- Memory/QMD: add optional `memory.qmd.mcporter` search routing so QMD `query/search/vsearch` can run through mcporter keep-alive flows (including multi-collection paths) to reduce cold starts, while keeping searches on agent-scoped QMD state for consistent recall. (#19617) Thanks @nicole-luxe and @vignesh07.
+- Chat/UI: strip inline reply/audio directive tags (`[[reply_to_current]]`, `[[reply_to:<id>]]`, `[[audio_as_voice]]`) from displayed chat history, live chat event output, and session preview snippets so control tags no longer leak into user-visible surfaces.
+- Telegram/Retry: classify undici `TypeError: fetch failed` as recoverable in both polling and send retry paths so transient fetch failures no longer fail fast. (#16699) thanks @Glucksberg.
+- BlueBubbles/DM history: restore DM backfill context with account-scoped rolling history, bounded backfill retries, and safer history payload limits. (#20302) Thanks @Ryan-Haines.
+- BlueBubbles/Private API cache: treat unknown (`null`) private-API cache status as disabled for send/attachment/reply flows to avoid stale-cache 500s, and log a warning when reply/effect features are requested while capability is unknown. (#23459) Thanks @echoVic.
+- BlueBubbles/Webhooks: accept inbound/reaction webhook payloads when BlueBubbles omits `handle` but provides DM `chatGuid`, and harden payload extraction for array/string-wrapped message bodies so valid webhook events no longer get rejected as unparseable. (#23275) Thanks @toph31.
+- Security/Audit: add `openclaw security audit` finding `gateway.nodes.allow_commands_dangerous` for risky `gateway.nodes.allowCommands` overrides, with severity upgraded to critical on remote gateway exposure.
+- Gateway/Control plane: reduce cross-client write limiter contention by adding `connId` fallback keying when device ID and client IP are both unavailable.
+- Security/Config: block prototype-key traversal during config merge patch and legacy migration merge helpers (`__proto__`, `constructor`, `prototype`) to prevent prototype pollution during config mutation flows. (#22968) Thanks @Clawborn.
+- Security/Shell env: validate login-shell executable paths for shell-env fallback (`/etc/shells` + trusted prefixes) and block `SHELL` in dangerous env override policy paths so untrusted shell-path injection falls back safely to `/bin/sh`. Thanks @athuljayaram for reporting.
+- Security/Config: make parsed chat allowlist checks fail closed when `allowFrom` is empty, restoring expected DM/pairing gating.
+- Security/Exec: in non-default setups that manually add `sort` to `tools.exec.safeBins`, block `sort --compress-program` so allowlist-mode safe-bin checks cannot bypass approval. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Exec approvals: when users choose `allow-always` for shell-wrapper commands (for example `/bin/zsh -lc ...`), persist allowlist patterns for the inner executable(s) instead of the wrapper shell binary, preventing accidental broad shell allowlisting in moderate mode. (#23276) Thanks @xrom2863.
+- Security/Exec: fail closed when `tools.exec.host=sandbox` is configured/requested but sandbox runtime is unavailable, and default implicit exec host routing to `gateway` when no sandbox runtime exists. (#23398) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Security/macOS app beta: enforce path-only `system.run` allowlist matching (drop basename matches like `echo`), migrate legacy basename entries to last resolved paths when available, and harden shell-chain handling to fail closed on unsafe parse/control syntax (including quoted command substitution/backticks). This is an optional allowlist-mode feature; default installs remain deny-by-default. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Agents: auto-generate and persist a dedicated `commands.ownerDisplaySecret` when `commands.ownerDisplay=hash`, remove gateway token fallback from owner-ID prompt hashing across CLI and embedded agent runners, and centralize owner-display secret resolution in one shared helper. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- Security/SSRF: expand IPv4 fetch guard blocking to include RFC special-use/non-global ranges (including benchmarking, TEST-NET, multicast, and reserved/broadcast blocks), and centralize range checks into a single CIDR policy table to reduce classifier drift.
+- Security/Archive: block zip symlink escapes during archive extraction.
+- Security/Media sandbox: keep tmp media allowance for absolute tmp paths only and enforce symlink-escape checks before sandbox-validated reads, preventing tmp symlink exfiltration and relative `../` sandbox escapes when sandboxes live under tmp. (#17892) Thanks @dashed.
+- Browser/Upload: accept canonical in-root upload paths when the configured uploads directory is a symlink alias (for example `/tmp` -> `/private/tmp` on macOS), so browser upload validation no longer rejects valid files during client->server revalidation. (#23300, #23222, #22848) Thanks @bgaither4, @parkerati, and @Nabsku.
+- Security/Discord: add `openclaw security audit` warnings for name/tag-based Discord allowlist entries (DM allowlists, guild/channel `users`, and pairing-store entries), highlighting slug-collision risk while keeping name-based matching supported, and canonicalize resolved Discord allowlist names to IDs at runtime without rewriting config files. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Gateway: block node-role connections when device identity metadata is missing.
+- Security/Media: enforce inbound media byte limits during download/read across Discord, Telegram, Zalo, Microsoft Teams, and BlueBubbles to prevent oversized payload memory spikes before rejection. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Media/Understanding: preserve `application/pdf` MIME classification during text-like file heuristics so PDF uploads use PDF extraction paths instead of being inlined as raw text. (#23191) Thanks @claudeplay2026-byte.
+- Security/Control UI: block symlink-based out-of-root static file reads by enforcing realpath containment and file-identity checks when serving Control UI assets and SPA fallback `index.html`. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Gateway avatars: block symlink traversal during local avatar `data:` URL resolution by enforcing realpath containment and file-identity checks before reads. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- Security/Control UI: centralize avatar URL/path validation across gateway/config helpers and enforce a 2 MB max size for local agent avatar files before `/avatar` resolution, reducing oversized-avatar memory risk without changing supported avatar formats.
+- Security/MSTeams media: enforce allowlist checks for SharePoint reference attachment URLs and redirect targets during Graph-backed media fetches so redirect chains cannot escape configured media host boundaries. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/macOS discovery: fail closed for unresolved discovery endpoints by clearing stale remote selection values, use resolved service host only for SSH target derivation, and keep remote URL config aligned with resolved endpoint availability. (#21618) Thanks @bmendonca3.
+- Chat/Usage/TUI: strip synthetic inbound metadata blocks (including `Conversation info` and trailing `Untrusted context` channel metadata wrappers) from displayed conversation history so internal prompt context no longer leaks into user-visible logs.
+- CI/Tests: fix TypeScript case-table typing and lint assertion regressions so `pnpm check` passes again after Synology Chat landing. (#23012) Thanks @druide67.
+- Security/Browser relay: harden extension relay auth token handling for `/extension` and `/cdp` pathways.
+- Cron: persist `delivered` state in cron job records so delivery failures remain visible in status and logs. (#19174) Thanks @simonemacario.
+- Config/Doctor: only repair the OAuth credentials directory when affected channels are configured, avoiding fresh-install noise.
+- Config/Channels: whitelist `channels.modelByChannel` in config validation and exclude it from plugin auto-enable channel detection so model overrides no longer trigger `unknown channel id` validation errors or bogus `modelByChannel` plugin enables. (#23412) Thanks @ProspectOre.
+- Config/Bindings: allow optional `bindings[].comment` in strict config validation so annotated binding entries no longer fail load. (#23458) Thanks @echoVic.
+- Usage/Pricing: correct MiniMax M2.5 pricing defaults to fix inflated cost reporting. (#22755) Thanks @miloudbelarebia.
+- Gateway/Daemon: verify gateway health after daemon restart.
+- Agents/UI text: stop rewriting normal assistant billing/payment language outside explicit error contexts. (#17834) Thanks @niceysam.
 
-- Signal/Outbound: preserve case for Base64 group IDs during outbound target normalization so cross-context routing and policy checks no longer break when group IDs include uppercase characters. (#5578) Thanks @heyhudson.
+## 2026.2.21
+
+### Changes
+
+- Models/Google: add Gemini 3.1 support (`google/gemini-3.1-pro-preview`).
+- Providers/Onboarding: add Volcano Engine (Doubao) and BytePlus providers/models (including coding variants), wire onboarding auth choices for interactive + non-interactive flows, and align docs to `volcengine-api-key`. (#7967) Thanks @funmore123.
+- Channels/CLI: add per-account/channel `defaultTo` outbound routing fallback so `openclaw agent --deliver` can send without explicit `--reply-to` when a default target is configured. (#16985) Thanks @KirillShchetinin.
+- Channels: allow per-channel model overrides via `channels.modelByChannel` and note them in /status. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Telegram/Streaming: simplify preview streaming config to `channels.telegram.streaming` (boolean), auto-map legacy `streamMode` values, and remove block-vs-partial preview branching. (#22012) thanks @obviyus.
+- Discord/Streaming: add stream preview mode for live draft replies with partial/block options and configurable chunking. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow. Inspiration @neoagentic-ship-it.
+- Discord/Telegram: add configurable lifecycle status reactions for queued/thinking/tool/done/error phases with a shared controller and emoji/timing overrides. Thanks @wolly-tundracube and @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Discord/Voice: add voice channel join/leave/status via `/vc`, plus auto-join configuration for realtime voice conversations. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Discord: add configurable ephemeral defaults for slash-command responses. (#16563) Thanks @wei.
+- Discord: support updating forum `available_tags` via channel edit actions for forum tag management. (#12070) Thanks @xiaoyaner0201.
+- Discord: include channel topics in trusted inbound metadata on new sessions. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Discord/Subagents: add thread-bound subagent sessions on Discord with per-thread focus/list controls and thread-bound continuation routing for spawned helper agents. (#21805) Thanks @onutc.
+- iOS/Chat: clean chat UI noise by stripping inbound untrusted metadata/timestamp prefixes, formatting tool outputs into concise summaries/errors, compacting the composer while typing, and supporting tap-to-dismiss keyboard in chat view. (#22122) thanks @mbelinky.
+- iOS/Watch: bridge mirrored watch prompt notification actions into iOS quick-reply handling, including queued action handoff until app model initialization. (#22123) thanks @mbelinky.
+- iOS/Gateway: stabilize background wake and reconnect behavior with background reconnect suppression/lease windows, BGAppRefresh wake fallback, location wake hook throttling, and APNs wake retry+nudge instrumentation. (#21226) thanks @mbelinky.
+- Auto-reply/UI: add model fallback lifecycle visibility in verbose logs, /status active-model context with fallback reason, and cohesive WebUI fallback indicators. (#20704) Thanks @joshavant.
+- MSTeams: dedupe sent-message cache storage by removing duplicate per-message Set storage and using timestamps Map keys as the single membership source. (#22514) Thanks @TaKO8Ki.
+- Agents/Subagents: default subagent spawn depth now uses shared `maxSpawnDepth=2`, enabling depth-1 orchestrator spawning by default while keeping depth policy checks consistent across spawn and prompt paths. (#22223) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Security/Agents: make owner-ID obfuscation use a dedicated HMAC secret from configuration (`ownerDisplaySecret`) and update hashing behavior so obfuscation is decoupled from gateway token handling for improved control. (#7343) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Security/Infra: switch gateway lock and tool-call synthetic IDs from SHA-1 to SHA-256 with unchanged truncation length to strengthen hash basis while keeping deterministic behavior and lock key format. (#7343) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Dependencies/Tooling: add non-blocking dead-code scans in CI via Knip/ts-prune/ts-unused-exports to surface unused dependencies and exports earlier. (#22468) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Dependencies/Unused Dependencies: remove or scope unused root and extension deps (`@larksuiteoapi/node-sdk`, `signal-utils`, `ollama`, `lit`, `@lit/context`, `@lit-labs/signals`, `@microsoft/agents-hosting-express`, `@microsoft/agents-hosting-extensions-teams`, and plugin-local `openclaw` devDeps in `extensions/open-prose`, `extensions/lobster`, and `extensions/llm-task`). (#22471, #22495) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Dependencies/A2UI: harden dependency resolution after root cleanup (resolve `lit`, `@lit/context`, `@lit-labs/signals`, and `signal-utils` from workspace/root) and simplify bundling fallback behavior, including `pnpm dlx rolldown` compatibility. (#22481, #22507) Thanks @vincentkoc.
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Agents/Bootstrap: skip malformed bootstrap files with missing/invalid paths instead of crashing agent sessions; hooks using `filePath` (or non-string `path`) are skipped with a warning. (#22693, #22698) Thanks @arosstale.
+- Security/Agents: cap embedded Pi runner outer retry loop with a higher profile-aware dynamic limit (32-160 attempts) and return an explicit `retry_limit` error payload when retries never converge, preventing unbounded internal retry cycles (`GHSA-76m6-pj3w-v7mf`).
+- Telegram: detect duplicate bot-token ownership across Telegram accounts at startup/status time, mark secondary accounts as not configured with an explicit fix message, and block duplicate account startup before polling to avoid endless `getUpdates` conflict loops.
+- Agents/Tool images: include source filenames in `agents/tool-images` resize logs so compression events can be traced back to specific files.
+- Providers/OAuth: harden Qwen and Chutes refresh handling by validating refresh response expiry values and preserving prior refresh tokens when providers return empty refresh token fields, with regression coverage for empty-token responses.
+- Models/Kimi-Coding: add missing implicit provider template for `kimi-coding` with correct `anthropic-messages` API type and base URL, fixing 403 errors when using Kimi for Coding. (#22409)
+- Auto-reply/Tools: forward `senderIsOwner` through embedded queued/followup runner params so owner-only tools remain available for authorized senders. (#22296) thanks @hcoj.
+- Discord: restore model picker back navigation when a provider is missing and document the Discord picker flow. (#21458) Thanks @pejmanjohn and @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Memory/QMD: respect per-agent `memorySearch.enabled=false` during gateway QMD startup initialization, split multi-collection QMD searches into per-collection queries (`search`/`vsearch`/`query`) to avoid sparse-term drops, prefer collection-hinted doc resolution to avoid stale-hash collisions, retry boot updates on transient lock/timeout failures, skip `qmd embed` in BM25-only `search` mode (including `memory index --force`), and serialize embed runs globally with failure backoff to prevent CPU storms on multi-agent hosts. (#20581, #21590, #20513, #20001, #21266, #21583, #20346, #19493) Thanks @danielrevivo, @zanderkrause, @sunyan034-cmd, @tilleulenspiegel, @dae-oss, @adamlongcreativellc, @jonathanadams96, and @kiliansitel.
+- Memory/Builtin: prevent automatic sync races with manager shutdown by skipping post-close sync starts and waiting for in-flight sync before closing SQLite, so `onSearch`/`onSessionStart` no longer fail with `database is not open` in ephemeral CLI flows. (#20556, #7464) Thanks @FuzzyTG and @henrybottter.
+- Providers/Copilot: drop persisted assistant `thinking` blocks for Claude models (while preserving turn structure/tool blocks) so follow-up requests no longer fail on invalid `thinkingSignature` payloads. (#19459) Thanks @jackheuberger.
 - Providers/Copilot: add `claude-sonnet-4.6` and `claude-sonnet-4.5` to the default GitHub Copilot model catalog and add coverage for model-list/definition helpers. (#20270, fixes #20091) Thanks @Clawborn.
-- Dependencies/Agents: bump embedded Pi SDK packages (`@mariozechner/pi-agent-core`, `@mariozechner/pi-ai`, `@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent`, `@mariozechner/pi-tui`) to `0.54.0`. (#21578) Thanks @Takhoffman.
-- Gateway/Config: allow `gateway.customBindHost` in strict config validation when `gateway.bind="custom"` so valid custom bind-host configurations no longer fail startup. (#20318, fixes #20289) Thanks @MisterGuy420.
-- Config/Agents: expose Pi compaction tuning values `agents.defaults.compaction.reserveTokens` and `agents.defaults.compaction.keepRecentTokens` in config schema/types and apply them in embedded Pi runner settings overrides with floor enforcement via `reserveTokensFloor`. (#21568) Thanks @Takhoffman.
 - Auto-reply/WebChat: avoid defaulting inbound runtime channel labels to unrelated providers (for example `whatsapp`) for webchat sessions so channel-specific formatting guidance stays accurate. (#21534) Thanks @lbo728.
 - Status: include persisted `cacheRead`/`cacheWrite` in session summaries so compact `/status` output consistently shows cache hit percentages from real session data.
+- Sessions/Usage: persist `totalTokens` from `promptTokens` snapshots even when providers omit structured usage payloads, so session history/status no longer regress to `unknown` token utilization for otherwise successful runs. (#21819) Thanks @zymclaw.
 - Heartbeat/Cron: restore interval heartbeat behavior so missing `HEARTBEAT.md` no longer suppresses runs (only effectively empty files skip), preserving prompt-driven and tagged-cron execution paths.
 - WhatsApp/Cron/Heartbeat: enforce allowlisted routing for implicit scheduled/system delivery by merging pairing-store + configured `allowFrom` recipients, selecting authorized recipients when last-route context points to a non-allowlisted chat, and preventing heartbeat fan-out to recent unauthorized chats.
 - Heartbeat/Active hours: constrain active-hours `24` sentinel parsing to `24:00` in time validation so invalid values like `24:30` are rejected early. (#21410) thanks @adhitShet.
 - Heartbeat: treat `activeHours` windows with identical `start`/`end` times as zero-width (always outside the window) instead of always-active. (#21408) thanks @adhitShet.
-- Gateway/Pairing: tolerate legacy paired devices missing `roles`/`scopes` metadata in websocket upgrade checks and backfill metadata on reconnect. (#21447, fixes #21236) Thanks @joshavant.
-- Gateway/Pairing/CLI: align read-scope compatibility in pairing/device-token checks and add local `openclaw devices` fallback recovery for loopback `pairing required` deadlocks, with explicit fallback notice to unblock approval bootstrap flows. (#21616) Thanks @shakkernerd.
-- Docker: pin base images to SHA256 digests in Docker builds to prevent mutable tag drift. (#7734) Thanks @coygeek.
+- CLI/Pairing: default `pairing list` and `pairing approve` to the sole available pairing channel when omitted, so TUI-only setups can recover from `pairing required` without guessing channel arguments. (#21527) Thanks @losts1.
+- TUI/Pairing: show explicit pairing-required recovery guidance after gateway disconnects that return `pairing required`, including approval steps to unblock quickstart TUI hatching on fresh installs. (#21841) Thanks @nicolinux.
+- TUI/Input: suppress duplicate backspace events arriving in the same input burst window so SSH sessions no longer delete two characters per backspace press in the composer. (#19318) Thanks @eheimer.
+- TUI/Models: scope `models.list` to the configured model allowlist (`agents.defaults.models`) so `/model` picker no longer floods with unrelated catalog entries by default. (#18816) Thanks @fwends.
+- TUI/Heartbeat: suppress heartbeat ACK/prompt noise in chat streaming when `showOk` is disabled, while still preserving non-ACK heartbeat alerts in final output. (#20228) Thanks @bhalliburton.
+- TUI/History: cap chat-log component growth and prune stale render nodes/references so large default history loads no longer overflow render recursion with `RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded`. (#18068) Thanks @JaniJegoroff.
+- Memory/QMD: diversify mixed-source search ranking when both session and memory collections are present so session transcript hits no longer crowd out durable memory-file matches in top results. (#19913) Thanks @alextempr.
+- Memory/Tools: return explicit `unavailable` warnings/actions from `memory_search` when embedding/provider failures occur (including quota exhaustion), so disabled memory does not look like an empty recall result. (#21894) Thanks @XBS9.
+- Session/Startup: require the `/new` and `/reset` greeting path to run Session Startup file-reading instructions before responding, so daily memory startup context is not skipped on fresh-session greetings. (#22338) Thanks @armstrong-pv.
+- Auth/Onboarding: align OAuth profile-id config mapping with stored credential IDs for OpenAI Codex and Chutes flows, preventing `provider:default` mismatches when OAuth returns email-scoped credentials. (#12692) thanks @mudrii.
 - Provider/HTTP: treat HTTP 503 as failover-eligible for LLM provider errors. (#21086) Thanks @Protocol-zero-0.
-- Anthropic/Agents: preserve required pi-ai default OAuth beta headers when `context1m` injects `anthropic-beta`, preventing 401 auth failures for `sk-ant-oat-*` tokens. (#19789, fixes #19769) Thanks @minupla.
 - Slack: pass `recipient_team_id` / `recipient_user_id` through Slack native streaming calls so `chat.startStream`/`appendStream`/`stopStream` work reliably across DMs and Slack Connect setups, and disable block streaming when native streaming is active. (#20988) Thanks @Dithilli. Earlier recipient-ID groundwork was contributed in #20377 by @AsserAl1012.
 - CLI/Config: add canonical `--strict-json` parsing for `config set` and keep `--json` as a legacy alias to reduce help/behavior drift. (#21332) thanks @adhitShet.
+- CLI/Config: preserve explicitly unset config paths in persisted JSON after writes so `openclaw config unset <path>` no longer re-introduces defaulted keys (for example `commands.ownerDisplay`) through schema normalization. (#22984) Thanks @aronchick.
 - CLI: keep `openclaw -v` as a root-only version alias so subcommand `-v, --verbose` flags (for example ACP/hooks/skills) are no longer intercepted globally. (#21303) thanks @adhitShet.
-- Config/Memory: restore schema help/label metadata for hybrid `mmr` and `temporalDecay` settings so configuration surfaces show correct names and guidance. (#18786) Thanks @rodrigouroz.
-- Tools/web_search: handle xAI Responses API payloads that emit top-level `output_text` blocks (without a `message` wrapper) so Grok web_search no longer returns `No response` for those results. (#20508) Thanks @echoVic.
+- Memory: return empty snippets when `memory_get`/QMD read files that have not been created yet, and harden memory indexing/session helpers against ENOENT races so missing Markdown no longer crashes tools. (#20680) Thanks @pahdo.
 - Telegram/Streaming: always clean up draft previews even when dispatch throws before fallback handling, preventing orphaned preview messages during failed runs. (#19041) thanks @mudrii.
 - Telegram/Streaming: split reasoning and answer draft preview lanes to prevent cross-lane overwrites, and ignore literal `<think>` tags inside inline/fenced code snippets so sample markup is not misrouted as reasoning. (#20774) Thanks @obviyus.
-
+- Telegram/Streaming: restore 30-char first-preview debounce and scope `NO_REPLY` prefix suppression to partial sentinel fragments so normal `No...` text is not filtered. (#22613) thanks @obviyus.
+- Telegram/Status reactions: refresh stall timers on repeated phase updates and honor ack-reaction scope when lifecycle reactions are enabled, preventing false stall emojis and unwanted group reactions. Thanks @wolly-tundracube and @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Telegram/Status reactions: keep lifecycle reactions active when available-reactions lookup fails by falling back to unrestricted variant selection instead of suppressing reaction updates. (#22380) thanks @obviyus.
+- Discord/Events: await `DiscordMessageListener` message handlers so regular `MESSAGE_CREATE` traffic is processed through queue ordering/timeout flow instead of fire-and-forget drops. (#22396) Thanks @sIlENtbuffER.
+- Discord/Streaming: apply `replyToMode: first` only to the first Discord chunk so block-streamed replies do not spam mention pings. (#20726) Thanks @thewilloftheshadow for the report.
+- Discord/Components: map DM channel targets back to user-scoped component sessions so button/select interactions stay in the main DM session. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Discord/Allowlist: lazy-load guild lists when resolving Discord user allowlists so ID-only entries resolve even if guild fetch fails. (#20208) Thanks @zhangjunmengyang.
 - Discord/Gateway: handle close code 4014 (missing privileged gateway intents) without crashing the gateway. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
-- Security/Net: strip sensitive headers (`Authorization`, `Proxy-Authorization`, `Cookie`, `Cookie2`) on cross-origin redirects in `fetchWithSsrFGuard` to prevent credential forwarding across origin boundaries. (#20313) Thanks @afurm.
+- Discord: ingest inbound stickers as media so sticker-only messages and forwarded stickers are visible to agents. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
 - Auto-reply/Runner: emit `onAgentRunStart` only after agent lifecycle or tool activity begins (and only once per run), so fallback preflight errors no longer mark runs as started. (#21165) Thanks @shakkernerd.
-- Agents/Failover: treat non-default override runs as direct fallback-to-configured-primary (skip configured fallback chain), normalize default-model detection for provider casing/whitespace, and add regression coverage for override/auth error paths. (#18820) Thanks @Glucksberg.
 - Auto-reply/Tool results: serialize tool-result delivery and keep the delivery chain progressing after individual failures so concurrent tool outputs preserve user-visible ordering. (#21231) thanks @ahdernasr.
 - Auto-reply/Prompt caching: restore prefix-cache stability by keeping inbound system metadata session-stable and moving per-message IDs (`message_id`, `message_id_full`, `reply_to_id`, `sender_id`) into untrusted conversation context. (#20597) Thanks @anisoptera.
+- iOS/Watch: add actionable watch approval/reject controls and quick-reply actions so watch-originated approvals and responses can be sent directly from notification flows. (#21996) Thanks @mbelinky.
+- iOS/Watch: refresh iOS and watch app icon assets with the lobster icon set to keep phone/watch branding aligned. (#21997) Thanks @mbelinky.
 - CLI/Onboarding: fix Anthropic-compatible custom provider verification by normalizing base URLs to avoid duplicate `/v1` paths during setup checks. (#21336) Thanks @17jmumford.
+- iOS/Gateway/Tools: prefer uniquely connected node matches when duplicate display names exist, surface actionable `nodes invoke` pairing-required guidance with request IDs, and refresh active iOS gateway registration after location-capability setting changes so capability updates apply immediately. (#22120) thanks @mbelinky.
+- Gateway/Auth: require `gateway.trustedProxies` to include a loopback proxy address when `auth.mode="trusted-proxy"` and `bind="loopback"`, preventing same-host proxy misconfiguration from silently blocking auth. (#22082, follow-up to #20097) thanks @mbelinky.
+- Gateway/Auth: allow trusted-proxy mode with loopback bind for same-host reverse-proxy deployments, while still requiring configured `gateway.trustedProxies`. (#20097) thanks @xinhuagu.
+- Gateway/Auth: allow authenticated clients across roles/scopes to call `health` while preserving role and scope enforcement for non-health methods. (#19699) thanks @Nachx639.
+- Gateway/Hooks: include transform export name in hook-transform cache keys so distinct exports from the same module do not reuse the wrong cached transform function. (#13855) thanks @mcaxtr.
+- Gateway/Control UI: return 404 for missing static-asset paths instead of serving SPA fallback HTML, while preserving client-route fallback behavior for extensionless and non-asset dotted paths. (#12060) thanks @mcaxtr.
+- Gateway/Pairing: prevent device-token rotate scope escalation by enforcing an approved-scope baseline, preserving approved scopes across metadata updates, and rejecting rotate requests that exceed approved role scope implications. (#20703) thanks @coygeek.
+- Gateway/Pairing: clear persisted paired-device state when the gateway client closes with `device token mismatch` (`1008`) so reconnect flows can cleanly re-enter pairing. (#22071) Thanks @mbelinky.
+- Gateway/Config: allow `gateway.customBindHost` in strict config validation when `gateway.bind="custom"` so valid custom bind-host configurations no longer fail startup. (#20318, fixes #20289) Thanks @MisterGuy420.
+- Gateway/Pairing: tolerate legacy paired devices missing `roles`/`scopes` metadata in websocket upgrade checks and backfill metadata on reconnect. (#21447, fixes #21236) Thanks @joshavant.
+- Gateway/Pairing/CLI: align read-scope compatibility in pairing/device-token checks and add local `openclaw devices` fallback recovery for loopback `pairing required` deadlocks, with explicit fallback notice to unblock approval bootstrap flows. (#21616) Thanks @shakkernerd.
+- Cron: honor `cron.maxConcurrentRuns` in the timer loop so due jobs can execute up to the configured parallelism instead of always running serially. (#11595) Thanks @Takhoffman.
+- Agents/Compaction: restore embedded compaction safeguard/context-pruning extension loading in production by wiring bundled extension factories into the resource loader instead of runtime file-path resolution. (#22349) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Agents/Subagents: restore announce-chain delivery to agent injection, defer nested announce output until descendant follow-up content is ready, and prevent descendant deferrals from consuming announce retry budget so deep chains do not drop final completions. (#22223) Thanks @tyler6204.
+- Agents/System Prompt: label allowlisted senders as authorized senders to avoid implying ownership. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Agents/Tool display: fix exec cwd suffix inference so `pushd ... && popd ... && <command>` does not keep stale `(in <dir>)` context in summaries. (#21925) Thanks @Lukavyi.
+- Agents/Google: flatten residual nested `anyOf`/`oneOf` unions in Gemini tool-schema cleanup so Cloud Code Assist no longer rejects unsupported union keywords that survive earlier simplification. (#22825) Thanks @Oceanswave.
+- Tools/web_search: handle xAI Responses API payloads that emit top-level `output_text` blocks (without a `message` wrapper) so Grok web_search no longer returns `No response` for those results. (#20508) Thanks @echoVic.
+- Agents/Failover: treat non-default override runs as direct fallback-to-configured-primary (skip configured fallback chain), normalize default-model detection for provider casing/whitespace, and add regression coverage for override/auth error paths. (#18820) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Docker/Build: include `ownerDisplay` in `CommandsSchema` object-level defaults so Docker `pnpm build` no longer fails with `TS2769` during plugin SDK d.ts generation. (#22558) Thanks @obviyus.
+- Docker/Browser: install Playwright Chromium into `/home/node/.cache/ms-playwright` and set `node:node` ownership so browser binaries are available to the runtime user in browser-enabled images. (#22585) thanks @obviyus.
+- Hooks/Session memory: trigger bundled `session-memory` persistence on both `/new` and `/reset` so reset flows no longer skip markdown transcript capture before archival. (#21382) Thanks @mofesolapaul.
+- Dependencies/Agents: bump embedded Pi SDK packages (`@mariozechner/pi-agent-core`, `@mariozechner/pi-ai`, `@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent`, `@mariozechner/pi-tui`) to `0.54.0`. (#21578) Thanks @Takhoffman.
+- Config/Agents: expose Pi compaction tuning values `agents.defaults.compaction.reserveTokens` and `agents.defaults.compaction.keepRecentTokens` in config schema/types and apply them in embedded Pi runner settings overrides with floor enforcement via `reserveTokensFloor`. (#21568) Thanks @Takhoffman.
+- Docker: pin base images to SHA256 digests in Docker builds to prevent mutable tag drift. (#7734) Thanks @coygeek.
+- Docker: run build steps as the `node` user and use `COPY --chown` to avoid recursive ownership changes, trimming image size and layer churn. Thanks @huntharo.
+- Config/Memory: restore schema help/label metadata for hybrid `mmr` and `temporalDecay` settings so configuration surfaces show correct names and guidance. (#18786) Thanks @rodrigouroz.
+- Skills/SonosCLI: add troubleshooting guidance for `sonos discover` failures on macOS direct mode (`sendto: no route to host`) and sandbox network restrictions (`bind: operation not permitted`). (#21316) Thanks @huntharo.
+- macOS/Build: default release packaging to `BUNDLE_ID=ai.openclaw.mac` in `scripts/package-mac-dist.sh`, so Sparkle feed URL is retained and auto-update no longer fails with an empty appcast feed. (#19750) thanks @loganprit.
+- Signal/Outbound: preserve case for Base64 group IDs during outbound target normalization so cross-context routing and policy checks no longer break when group IDs include uppercase characters. (#5578) Thanks @heyhudson.
+- Anthropic/Agents: preserve required pi-ai default OAuth beta headers when `context1m` injects `anthropic-beta`, preventing 401 auth failures for `sk-ant-oat-*` tokens. (#19789, fixes #19769) Thanks @minupla.
+- Security/Exec: block unquoted heredoc body expansion tokens in shell allowlist analysis, reject unterminated heredocs, and require explicit approval for allowlisted heredoc execution on gateway hosts to prevent heredoc substitution allowlist bypass. Thanks @torturado for reporting.
+- macOS/Security: evaluate `system.run` allowlists per shell segment in macOS node runtime and companion exec host (including chained shell operators), fail closed on shell/process substitution parsing, and require explicit approval on unsafe parse cases to prevent allowlist bypass via `rawCommand` chaining. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- WhatsApp/Security: enforce allowlist JID authorization for reaction actions so authenticated callers cannot target non-allowlisted chats by forging `chatJid` + valid `messageId` pairs. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- ACP/Security: escape control and delimiter characters in ACP `resource_link` title/URI metadata before prompt interpolation to prevent metadata-driven prompt injection through resource links. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- TTS/Security: make model-driven provider switching opt-in by default (`messages.tts.modelOverrides.allowProvider=false` unless explicitly enabled), while keeping voice/style overrides available, to reduce prompt-injection-driven provider hops and unexpected TTS cost escalation. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- Security/Agents: keep overflow compaction retry budgeting global across tool-result truncation recovery so successful truncation cannot reset the overflow retry counter and amplify retry/cost cycles. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- BlueBubbles/Security: require webhook token authentication for all BlueBubbles webhook requests (including loopback/proxied setups), removing passwordless webhook fallback behavior. Thanks @zpbrent.
+- iOS/Security: force `https://` for non-loopback manual gateway hosts during iOS onboarding to block insecure remote transport URLs. (#21969) Thanks @mbelinky.
+- Gateway/Security: remove shared-IP fallback for canvas endpoints and require token or session capability for canvas access. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Gateway/Security: require secure context and paired-device checks for Control UI auth even when `gateway.controlUi.allowInsecureAuth` is set, and align audit messaging with the hardened behavior. (#20684) Thanks @coygeek and @Vasco0x4 for reporting.
+- Gateway/Security: scope tokenless Tailscale forwarded-header auth to Control UI websocket auth only, so HTTP gateway routes still require token/password even on trusted hosts. Thanks @zpbrent for reporting.
+- Docker/Security: run E2E and install-sh test images as non-root by adding appuser directives. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Skills/Security: sanitize skill env overrides to block unsafe runtime injection variables and only allow sensitive keys when declared in skill metadata, with warnings for suspicious values. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Security/Commands: block prototype-key injection in runtime `/debug` overrides and require own-property checks for gated command flags (`bash`, `config`, `debug`) so inherited prototype values cannot enable privileged commands. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Browser: block non-network browser navigation protocols (including `file:`, `data:`, and `javascript:`) while preserving `about:blank`, preventing local file reads via browser tool navigation. Thanks @q1uf3ng for reporting.
+- Security/Exec: block shell startup-file env injection (`BASH_ENV`, `ENV`, `BASH_FUNC_*`, `LD_*`, `DYLD_*`) across config env ingestion, node-host inherited environment sanitization, and macOS exec host runtime to prevent pre-command execution from attacker-controlled environment variables. Thanks @tdjackey.
+- Security/Exec (Windows): canonicalize `cmd.exe /c` command text across validation, approval binding, and audit/event rendering to prevent trailing-argument approval mismatches in `system.run`. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Gateway/Hooks: block `__proto__`, `constructor`, and `prototype` traversal in webhook template path resolution to prevent prototype-chain payload data leakage in `messageTemplate` rendering. (#22213) Thanks @SleuthCo.
+- Security/OpenClawKit/UI: prevent injected inbound user context metadata blocks from leaking into chat history in TUI, webchat, and macOS surfaces by stripping all untrusted metadata prefixes at display boundaries. (#22142) Thanks @Mellowambience, @vincentkoc.
+- Security/OpenClawKit/UI: strip inbound metadata blocks from user messages in TUI rendering while preserving user-authored content. (#22345) Thanks @kansodata, @vincentkoc.
+- Security/OpenClawKit/UI: prevent inbound metadata leaks and reply-tag streaming artifacts in TUI rendering by stripping untrusted metadata prefixes at display boundaries. (#22346) Thanks @akramcodez, @vincentkoc.
+- Security/Agents: restrict local MEDIA tool attachments to core tools and the OpenClaw temp root to prevent untrusted MCP tool file exfiltration. Thanks @NucleiAv and @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Security/Net: strip sensitive headers (`Authorization`, `Proxy-Authorization`, `Cookie`, `Cookie2`) on cross-origin redirects in `fetchWithSsrFGuard` to prevent credential forwarding across origin boundaries. (#20313) Thanks @afurm.
+- Security/Systemd: reject CR/LF in systemd unit environment values and fix argument escaping so generated units cannot be injected with extra directives. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.
+- Security/Tools: add per-wrapper random IDs to untrusted-content markers from `wrapExternalContent`/`wrapWebContent`, preventing marker spoofing from escaping content boundaries. (#19009) Thanks @Whoaa512.
+- Shared/Security: reject insecure deep links that use `ws://` non-loopback gateway URLs to prevent plaintext remote websocket configuration. (#21970) Thanks @mbelinky.
+- macOS/Security: reject non-loopback `ws://` remote gateway URLs in macOS remote config to block insecure plaintext websocket endpoints. (#21971) Thanks @mbelinky.
+- Browser/Security: block upload path symlink escapes so browser upload sources cannot traverse outside the allowed workspace via symlinked paths. (#21972) Thanks @mbelinky.
 - Security/Dependencies: bump transitive `hono` usage to `4.11.10` to incorporate timing-safe authentication comparison hardening for `basicAuth`/`bearerAuth` (`GHSA-gq3j-xvxp-8hrf`). Thanks @vincentkoc.
+- Security/Gateway: parse `X-Forwarded-For` with trust-preserving semantics when requests come from configured trusted proxies, preventing proxy-chain spoofing from influencing client IP classification and rate-limit identity. Thanks @AnthonyDiSanti and @vincentkoc.
+- Security/Sandbox: remove default `--no-sandbox` for the browser container entrypoint, add explicit opt-in via `OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX` / `CLAWDBOT_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX`, and add security-audit checks for stale/missing sandbox browser Docker hash labels. Thanks @TerminalsandCoffee and @vincentkoc.
+- Security/Sandbox Browser: require VNC password auth for noVNC observer sessions in the sandbox browser entrypoint, plumb per-container noVNC passwords from runtime, and emit short-lived noVNC observer token URLs while keeping loopback-only host port publishing. Thanks @TerminalsandCoffee for reporting.
+- Security/Sandbox Browser: default browser sandbox containers to a dedicated Docker network (`openclaw-sandbox-browser`), add optional CDP ingress source-range restrictions, auto-create missing dedicated networks, and warn in `openclaw security --audit` when browser sandboxing runs on bridge without source-range limits. Thanks @TerminalsandCoffee for reporting.
 
 ## 2026.2.19
 
@@ -65,6 +282,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Agents/Streaming: keep assistant partial streaming active during reasoning streams, handle native `thinking_*` stream events consistently, dedupe mixed reasoning-end signals, and clear stale mutating tool errors after same-target retry success. (#20635) Thanks @obviyus.
 - iOS/Chat: use a dedicated iOS chat session key for ChatSheet routing to avoid cross-client session collisions with main-session traffic. (#21139) thanks @mbelinky.
 - iOS/Chat: auto-resync chat history after reconnect sequence gaps, clear stale pending runs, and avoid dead-end manual refresh errors after transient disconnects. (#21135) thanks @mbelinky.
+- UI/Usage: reload usage data immediately when timezone changes so Local/UTC toggles apply the selected date range without requiring a manual refresh. (#17774)
 - iOS/Screen: move `WKWebView` lifecycle ownership into `ScreenWebView` coordinator and explicit attach/detach flow to reduce gesture/lifecycle crash risk (`__NSArrayM insertObject:atIndex:` paths) during screen tab updates. (#20366) Thanks @ngutman.
 - iOS/Onboarding: prevent pairing-status flicker during auto-resume by keeping resumed state transitions stable. (#20310) Thanks @mbelinky.
 - iOS/Onboarding: stabilize pairing and reconnect behavior by resetting stale pairing request state on manual retry, disconnecting both operator and node gateways on operator failure, and avoiding duplicate pairing loops from operator transport identity attachment. (#20056) Thanks @mbelinky.
@@ -72,6 +290,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Telegram: unify message-like inbound handling so `message` and `channel_post` share the same dedupe/access/media pipeline and remain behaviorally consistent. (#20591) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Telegram/Agents: gate exec/bash tool-failure warnings behind verbose mode so default Telegram replies stay clean while verbose sessions still surface diagnostics. (#20560) Thanks @obviyus.
 - Telegram/Cron/Heartbeat: honor explicit Telegram topic targets in cron and heartbeat delivery (`<chatId>:topic:<threadId>`) so scheduled sends land in the configured topic instead of the last active thread. (#19367) Thanks @Lukavyi.
+- Telegram/DM routing: prevent DM inbound origin metadata from leaking into main-session `lastRoute` updates and normalize DM `lastRoute.to` to provider-prefixed `telegram:<chatId>`. (#19491) thanks @guirguispierre.
 - Gateway/Daemon: forward `TMPDIR` into installed service environments so macOS LaunchAgent gateway runs can open SQLite temp/journal files reliably instead of failing with `SQLITE_CANTOPEN`. (#20512) Thanks @Clawborn.
 - Agents/Billing: include the active model that produced a billing error in user-facing billing messages (for example, `OpenAI (gpt-5.3)`) across payload, failover, and lifecycle error paths, so users can identify exactly which key needs credits. (#20510) Thanks @echoVic.
 - Gateway/TUI: honor `agents.defaults.blockStreamingDefault` for `chat.send` by removing the hardcoded block-streaming disable override, so replies can use configured block-mode delivery. (#19693) Thanks @neipor.
@@ -96,8 +315,8 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - OTEL/diagnostics-otel: complete OpenTelemetry v2 API migration. (#12897) Thanks @vincentkoc.
 - Cron/Webhooks: protect cron webhook POST delivery with SSRF-guarded outbound fetch (`fetchWithSsrFGuard`) to block private/metadata destinations before request dispatch. Thanks @Adam55A-code.
 - Security/Voice Call: harden `voice-call` telephony TTS override merging by blocking unsafe deep-merge keys (`__proto__`, `prototype`, `constructor`) and add regression coverage for top-level and nested prototype-pollution payloads.
-- Security/Windows Daemon: harden Scheduled Task `gateway.cmd` generation by quoting cmd metacharacter arguments, escaping `%`/`!` expansions, and rejecting CR/LF in arguments, descriptions, and environment assignments (`set "KEY=VALUE"`), preventing command injection in Windows daemon startup scripts. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
-- Security/Gateway/Canvas: replace shared-IP fallback auth with node-scoped session capability URLs for `/__openclaw__/canvas/*` and `/__openclaw__/a2ui/*`, fail closed when trusted-proxy requests omit forwarded client headers, and add IPv6/proxy-header regression coverage. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
+- Security/Windows Daemon: harden Scheduled Task `gateway.cmd` generation by quoting cmd metacharacter arguments, escaping `%`/`!` expansions, and rejecting CR/LF in arguments, descriptions, and environment assignments (`set "KEY=VALUE"`), preventing command injection in Windows daemon startup scripts. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Security/Gateway/Canvas: replace shared-IP fallback auth with node-scoped session capability URLs for `/__openclaw__/canvas/*` and `/__openclaw__/a2ui/*`, fail closed when trusted-proxy requests omit forwarded client headers, and add IPv6/proxy-header regression coverage. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
 - Security/Net: enforce strict dotted-decimal IPv4 literals in SSRF checks and fail closed on unsupported legacy forms (octal/hex/short/packed, for example `0177.0.0.1`, `127.1`, `2130706433`) before DNS lookup.
 - Security/Discord: enforce trusted-sender guild permission checks for moderation actions (`timeout`, `kick`, `ban`) and ignore untrusted `senderUserId` params to prevent privilege escalation in tool-driven flows. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
 - Security/ACP+Exec: add `openclaw acp --token-file/--password-file` secret-file support (with inline secret flag warnings), redact ACP working-directory prefixes to `~` home-relative paths, constrain exec script preflight file inspection to the effective `workdir` boundary, and add security-audit warnings when `tools.exec.host="sandbox"` is configured while sandbox mode is off.
@@ -125,9 +344,10 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Security/Media: harden local media ingestion against TOCTOU/symlink swap attacks by pinning reads to a single file descriptor with symlink rejection and inode/device verification in `saveMediaSource`. Thanks @dorjoos for reporting.
 - Security/Lobster (Windows): for the next npm release, remove shell-based fallback when launching Lobster wrappers (`.cmd`/`.bat`) and switch to explicit argv execution with wrapper entrypoint resolution, preventing command injection while preserving Windows wrapper compatibility. Thanks @allsmog for reporting.
 - Security/Exec: require `tools.exec.safeBins` binaries to resolve from trusted bin directories (system defaults plus gateway startup `PATH`) so PATH-hijacked trojan binaries cannot bypass allowlist checks. Thanks @jackhax for reporting.
-- Security/Exec: remove file-existence oracle behavior from `tools.exec.safeBins` by using deterministic argv-only stdin-safe validation and blocking file-oriented flags (for example `sort -o`, `jq -f`, `grep -f`) so allow/deny results no longer disclose host file presence. This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @nedlir for reporting.
-- Security/Browser: route browser URL navigation through one SSRF-guarded validation path for tab-open/CDP-target/Playwright navigation flows and block private/metadata destinations by default (configurable via `browser.ssrfPolicy`). This ships in the next npm release. Thanks @dorjoos for reporting.
+- Security/Exec: remove file-existence oracle behavior from `tools.exec.safeBins` by using deterministic argv-only stdin-safe validation and blocking file-oriented flags (for example `sort -o`, `jq -f`, `grep -f`) so allow/deny results no longer disclose host file presence. Thanks @nedlir for reporting.
+- Security/Browser: route browser URL navigation through one SSRF-guarded validation path for tab-open/CDP-target/Playwright navigation flows and block private/metadata destinations by default (configurable via `browser.ssrfPolicy`). Thanks @dorjoos for reporting.
 - Security/Exec: for the next npm release, harden safe-bin stdin-only enforcement by blocking output/recursive flags (`sort -o/--output`, grep recursion) and tightening default safe bins to remove `sort`/`grep`, preventing safe-bin allowlist bypass for file writes/recursive reads. Thanks @nedlir for reporting.
+- Security/Exec: block grep safe-bin positional operand bypass by setting grep positional budget to zero, so `-e/--regexp` cannot smuggle bare filename reads (for example `.env`) via ambiguous positionals; safe-bin grep patterns must come from `-e/--regexp`. Thanks @athuljayaram for reporting.
 - Security/Gateway/Agents: remove implicit admin scopes from agent tool gateway calls by classifying methods to least-privilege operator scopes, and enforce owner-only tooling (`cron`, `gateway`, `whatsapp_login`) through centralized tool-policy wrappers plus tool metadata to prevent non-owner DM privilege escalation. Ships in the next npm release. Thanks @Adam55A-code for reporting.
 - Security/Gateway: centralize gateway method-scope authorization and default non-CLI gateway callers to least-privilege method scopes, with explicit CLI scope handling, full core-handler scope classification coverage, and regression guards to prevent scope drift.
 - Security/Net: block SSRF bypass via NAT64 (`64:ff9b::/96`, `64:ff9b:1::/48`), 6to4 (`2002::/16`), and Teredo (`2001:0000::/32`) IPv6 transition addresses, and fail closed on IPv6 parse errors. Thanks @jackhax.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ Welcome to the lobster tank! 🦞
 - **Gustavo Madeira Santana** - Multi-agents, CLI, web UI
   - GitHub: [@gumadeiras](https://github.com/gumadeiras) · X: [@gumadeiras](https://x.com/gumadeiras)
 
+- **Onur Solmaz** - Agents, dev workflows, ACP integrations, MS Teams
+  - GitHub: [@onutc](https://github.com/onutc), [@osolmaz](https://github.com/osolmaz) · X: [@onusoz](https://x.com/onusoz)
+
 ## How to Contribute
 
 1. **Bugs & small fixes** → Open a PR!

Dockerfile

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ ENV PATH="/root/.bun/bin:${PATH}"
 RUN corepack enable
 
 WORKDIR /app
+RUN chown node:node /app
 
 ARG OPENCLAW_DOCKER_APT_PACKAGES=""
 RUN if [ -n "$OPENCLAW_DOCKER_APT_PACKAGES" ]; then \
@@ -16,27 +17,33 @@ RUN if [ -n "$OPENCLAW_DOCKER_APT_PACKAGES" ]; then \
       rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/*; \
     fi
 
-COPY package.json pnpm-lock.yaml pnpm-workspace.yaml .npmrc ./
-COPY ui/package.json ./ui/package.json
-COPY patches ./patches
-COPY scripts ./scripts
+COPY --chown=node:node package.json pnpm-lock.yaml pnpm-workspace.yaml .npmrc ./
+COPY --chown=node:node ui/package.json ./ui/package.json
+COPY --chown=node:node patches ./patches
+COPY --chown=node:node scripts ./scripts
 
+USER node
 RUN pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
 
 # Optionally install Chromium and Xvfb for browser automation.
 # Build with: docker build --build-arg OPENCLAW_INSTALL_BROWSER=1 ...
 # Adds ~300MB but eliminates the 60-90s Playwright install on every container start.
 # Must run after pnpm install so playwright-core is available in node_modules.
+USER root
 ARG OPENCLAW_INSTALL_BROWSER=""
 RUN if [ -n "$OPENCLAW_INSTALL_BROWSER" ]; then \
       apt-get update && \
       DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends xvfb && \
+      mkdir -p /home/node/.cache/ms-playwright && \
+      PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH=/home/node/.cache/ms-playwright \
       node /app/node_modules/playwright-core/cli.js install --with-deps chromium && \
+      chown -R node:node /home/node/.cache/ms-playwright && \
       apt-get clean && \
       rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/cache/apt/archives/*; \
     fi
 
-COPY . .
+USER node
+COPY --chown=node:node . .
 RUN pnpm build
 # Force pnpm for UI build (Bun may fail on ARM/Synology architectures)
 ENV OPENCLAW_PREFER_PNPM=1
@@ -44,9 +51,6 @@ RUN pnpm ui:build
 
 ENV NODE_ENV=production
 
-# Allow non-root user to write temp files during runtime/tests.
-RUN chown -R node:node /app
-
 # Security hardening: Run as non-root user
 # The node:22-bookworm image includes a 'node' user (uid 1000)
 # This reduces the attack surface by preventing container escape via root privileges

README.md

@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@ The wizard guides you step by step through setting up the gateway, workspace, ch
 Works with npm, pnpm, or bun.
 New install? Start here: [Getting started](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/getting-started)
 
+## Sponsors
+
+| OpenAI                                                            | Blacksmith                                                                   |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [![OpenAI](docs/assets/sponsors/openai.svg)](https://openai.com/) | [![Blacksmith](docs/assets/sponsors/blacksmith.svg)](https://blacksmith.sh/) |
+
 **Subscriptions (OAuth):**
 
 - **[Anthropic](https://www.anthropic.com/)** (Claude Pro/Max)

SECURITY.md

@@ -47,7 +47,27 @@ When patching a GHSA via `gh api`, include `X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28` (o
 
 - Public Internet Exposure
 - Using OpenClaw in ways that the docs recommend not to
+- Deployments where mutually untrusted/adversarial operators share one gateway host and config
 - Prompt injection attacks
+- Reports that require write access to trusted local state (`~/.openclaw`, workspace files like `MEMORY.md` / `memory/*.md`)
+
+## Deployment Assumptions
+
+OpenClaw security guidance assumes:
+
+- The host where OpenClaw runs is within a trusted OS/admin boundary.
+- Anyone who can modify `~/.openclaw` state/config (including `openclaw.json`) is effectively a trusted operator.
+- A single Gateway shared by mutually untrusted people is **not a recommended setup**. Use separate gateways (or at minimum separate OS users/hosts) per trust boundary.
+- Authenticated Gateway callers are treated as trusted operators. Session identifiers (for example `sessionKey`) are routing controls, not per-user authorization boundaries.
+
+## Workspace Memory Trust Boundary
+
+`MEMORY.md` and `memory/*.md` are plain workspace files and are treated as trusted local operator state.
+
+- If someone can edit workspace memory files, they already crossed the trusted operator boundary.
+- Memory search indexing/recall over those files is expected behavior, not a sandbox/security boundary.
+- Example report pattern considered out of scope: "attacker writes malicious content into `memory/*.md`, then `memory_search` returns it."
+- If you need isolation between mutually untrusted users, split by OS user or host and run separate gateways.
 
 ## Plugin Trust Boundary
 
@@ -76,6 +96,10 @@ OpenClaw's web interface (Gateway Control UI + HTTP endpoints) is intended for *
 - Recommended: keep the Gateway **loopback-only** (`127.0.0.1` / `::1`).
   - Config: `gateway.bind="loopback"` (default).
   - CLI: `openclaw gateway run --bind loopback`.
+- `gateway.controlUi.dangerouslyDisableDeviceAuth` is intended for localhost-only break-glass use.
+  - OpenClaw keeps deployment flexibility by design and does not hard-forbid non-local setups.
+  - Non-local and other risky configurations are surfaced by `openclaw security audit` as dangerous findings.
+  - This operator-selected tradeoff is by design and not, by itself, a security vulnerability.
 - Canvas host note: network-visible canvas is **intentional** for trusted node scenarios (LAN/tailnet).
   - Expected setup: non-loopback bind + Gateway auth (token/password/trusted-proxy) + firewall/tailnet controls.
   - Expected routes: `/__openclaw__/canvas/`, `/__openclaw__/a2ui/`.

appcast.xml

@@ -209,105 +209,155 @@
             <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.2.15/OpenClaw-2026.2.15.zip" length="22896513" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="MLGsd2NeHXFRH1Or0bFQnAjqfuuJDuhl1mvKFIqTQcRvwbeyvOyyLXrqSbmaOgJR3wBQBKLs6jYQ9dQ/3R8RCg=="/>
         </item>
         <item>
-            <title>2026.2.13</title>
-            <pubDate>Sat, 14 Feb 2026 04:30:23 +0100</pubDate>
+            <title>2026.2.21</title>
+            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 17:55:48 +0100</pubDate>
             <link>https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openclaw/openclaw/main/appcast.xml</link>
-            <sparkle:version>9846</sparkle:version>
-            <sparkle:shortVersionString>2026.2.13</sparkle:shortVersionString>
+            <sparkle:version>13056</sparkle:version>
+            <sparkle:shortVersionString>2026.2.21</sparkle:shortVersionString>
             <sparkle:minimumSystemVersion>15.0</sparkle:minimumSystemVersion>
-            <description><![CDATA[<h2>OpenClaw 2026.2.13</h2>
+            <description><![CDATA[<h2>OpenClaw 2026.2.21</h2>
 <h3>Changes</h3>
 <ul>
-<li>Discord: send voice messages with waveform previews from local audio files (including silent delivery). (#7253) Thanks @nyanjou.</li>
-<li>Discord: add configurable presence status/activity/type/url (custom status defaults to activity text). (#10855) Thanks @h0tp-ftw.</li>
-<li>Slack/Plugins: add thread-ownership outbound gating via <code>message_sending</code> hooks, including @-mention bypass tracking and Slack outbound hook wiring for cancel/modify behavior. (#15775) Thanks @DarlingtonDeveloper.</li>
-<li>Agents: add synthetic catalog support for <code>hf:zai-org/GLM-5</code>. (#15867) Thanks @battman21.</li>
-<li>Skills: remove duplicate <code>local-places</code> Google Places skill/proxy and keep <code>goplaces</code> as the single supported Google Places path.</li>
-<li>Agents: add pre-prompt context diagnostics (<code>messages</code>, <code>systemPromptChars</code>, <code>promptChars</code>, provider/model, session file) before embedded runner prompt calls to improve overflow debugging. (#8930) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Models/Google: add Gemini 3.1 support (<code>google/gemini-3.1-pro-preview</code>).</li>
+<li>Providers/Onboarding: add Volcano Engine (Doubao) and BytePlus providers/models (including coding variants), wire onboarding auth choices for interactive + non-interactive flows, and align docs to <code>volcengine-api-key</code>. (#7967) Thanks @funmore123.</li>
+<li>Channels/CLI: add per-account/channel <code>defaultTo</code> outbound routing fallback so <code>openclaw agent --deliver</code> can send without explicit <code>--reply-to</code> when a default target is configured. (#16985) Thanks @KirillShchetinin.</li>
+<li>Channels: allow per-channel model overrides via <code>channels.modelByChannel</code> and note them in /status. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Streaming: simplify preview streaming config to <code>channels.telegram.streaming</code> (boolean), auto-map legacy <code>streamMode</code> values, and remove block-vs-partial preview branching. (#22012) thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Discord/Streaming: add stream preview mode for live draft replies with partial/block options and configurable chunking. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow. Inspiration @neoagentic-ship-it.</li>
+<li>Discord/Telegram: add configurable lifecycle status reactions for queued/thinking/tool/done/error phases with a shared controller and emoji/timing overrides. Thanks @wolly-tundracube and @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Discord/Voice: add voice channel join/leave/status via <code>/vc</code>, plus auto-join configuration for realtime voice conversations. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Discord: add configurable ephemeral defaults for slash-command responses. (#16563) Thanks @wei.</li>
+<li>Discord: support updating forum <code>available_tags</code> via channel edit actions for forum tag management. (#12070) Thanks @xiaoyaner0201.</li>
+<li>Discord: include channel topics in trusted inbound metadata on new sessions. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Discord/Subagents: add thread-bound subagent sessions on Discord with per-thread focus/list controls and thread-bound continuation routing for spawned helper agents. (#21805) Thanks @onutc.</li>
+<li>iOS/Chat: clean chat UI noise by stripping inbound untrusted metadata/timestamp prefixes, formatting tool outputs into concise summaries/errors, compacting the composer while typing, and supporting tap-to-dismiss keyboard in chat view. (#22122) thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>iOS/Watch: bridge mirrored watch prompt notification actions into iOS quick-reply handling, including queued action handoff until app model initialization. (#22123) thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>iOS/Gateway: stabilize background wake and reconnect behavior with background reconnect suppression/lease windows, BGAppRefresh wake fallback, location wake hook throttling, and APNs wake retry+nudge instrumentation. (#21226) thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/UI: add model fallback lifecycle visibility in verbose logs, /status active-model context with fallback reason, and cohesive WebUI fallback indicators. (#20704) Thanks @joshavant.</li>
+<li>MSTeams: dedupe sent-message cache storage by removing duplicate per-message Set storage and using timestamps Map keys as the single membership source. (#22514) Thanks @TaKO8Ki.</li>
+<li>Agents/Subagents: default subagent spawn depth now uses shared <code>maxSpawnDepth=2</code>, enabling depth-1 orchestrator spawning by default while keeping depth policy checks consistent across spawn and prompt paths. (#22223) Thanks @tyler6204.</li>
+<li>Security/Agents: make owner-ID obfuscation use a dedicated HMAC secret from configuration (<code>ownerDisplaySecret</code>) and update hashing behavior so obfuscation is decoupled from gateway token handling for improved control. (#7343) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Security/Infra: switch gateway lock and tool-call synthetic IDs from SHA-1 to SHA-256 with unchanged truncation length to strengthen hash basis while keeping deterministic behavior and lock key format. (#7343) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Dependencies/Tooling: add non-blocking dead-code scans in CI via Knip/ts-prune/ts-unused-exports to surface unused dependencies and exports earlier. (#22468) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Dependencies/Unused Dependencies: remove or scope unused root and extension deps (<code>@larksuiteoapi/node-sdk</code>, <code>signal-utils</code>, <code>ollama</code>, <code>lit</code>, <code>@lit/context</code>, <code>@lit-labs/signals</code>, <code>@microsoft/agents-hosting-express</code>, <code>@microsoft/agents-hosting-extensions-teams</code>, and plugin-local <code>openclaw</code> devDeps in <code>extensions/open-prose</code>, <code>extensions/lobster</code>, and <code>extensions/llm-task</code>). (#22471, #22495) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Dependencies/A2UI: harden dependency resolution after root cleanup (resolve <code>lit</code>, <code>@lit/context</code>, <code>@lit-labs/signals</code>, and <code>signal-utils</code> from workspace/root) and simplify bundling fallback behavior, including <code>pnpm dlx rolldown</code> compatibility. (#22481, #22507) Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Fixes</h3>
 <ul>
-<li>Outbound: add a write-ahead delivery queue with crash-recovery retries to prevent lost outbound messages after gateway restarts. (#15636) Thanks @nabbilkhan, @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Auto-reply/Threading: auto-inject implicit reply threading so <code>replyToMode</code> works without requiring model-emitted <code>[[reply_to_current]]</code>, while preserving <code>replyToMode: "off"</code> behavior for implicit Slack replies and keeping block-streaming chunk coalescing stable under <code>replyToMode: "first"</code>. (#14976) Thanks @Diaspar4u.</li>
-<li>Outbound/Threading: pass <code>replyTo</code> and <code>threadId</code> from <code>message send</code> tool actions through the core outbound send path to channel adapters, preserving thread/reply routing. (#14948) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Auto-reply/Media: allow image-only inbound messages (no caption) to reach the agent instead of short-circuiting as empty text, and preserve thread context in queued/followup prompt bodies for media-only runs. (#11916) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Discord: route autoThread replies to existing threads instead of the root channel. (#8302) Thanks @gavinbmoore, @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Web UI: add <code>img</code> to DOMPurify allowed tags and <code>src</code>/<code>alt</code> to allowed attributes so markdown images render in webchat instead of being stripped. (#15437) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
-<li>Telegram/Matrix: treat MP3 and M4A (including <code>audio/mp4</code>) as voice-compatible for <code>asVoice</code> routing, and keep WAV/AAC falling back to regular audio sends. (#15438) Thanks @azade-c.</li>
-<li>WhatsApp: preserve outbound document filenames for web-session document sends instead of always sending <code>"file"</code>. (#15594) Thanks @TsekaLuk.</li>
-<li>Telegram: cap bot menu registration to Telegram's 100-command limit with an overflow warning while keeping typed hidden commands available. (#15844) Thanks @battman21.</li>
-<li>Telegram: scope skill commands to the resolved agent for default accounts so <code>setMyCommands</code> no longer triggers <code>BOT_COMMANDS_TOO_MUCH</code> when multiple agents are configured. (#15599)</li>
-<li>Discord: avoid misrouting numeric guild allowlist entries to <code>/channels/<guildId></code> by prefixing guild-only inputs with <code>guild:</code> during resolution. (#12326) Thanks @headswim.</li>
-<li>MS Teams: preserve parsed mention entities/text when appending OneDrive fallback file links, and accept broader real-world Teams mention ID formats (<code>29:...</code>, <code>8:orgid:...</code>) while still rejecting placeholder patterns. (#15436) Thanks @hyojin.</li>
-<li>Media: classify <code>text/*</code> MIME types as documents in media-kind routing so text attachments are no longer treated as unknown. (#12237) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Inbound/Web UI: preserve literal <code>\n</code> sequences when normalizing inbound text so Windows paths like <code>C:\\Work\\nxxx\\README.md</code> are not corrupted. (#11547) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>TUI/Streaming: preserve richer streamed assistant text when final payload drops pre-tool-call text blocks, while keeping non-empty final payload authoritative for plain-text updates. (#15452) Thanks @TsekaLuk.</li>
-<li>Providers/MiniMax: switch implicit MiniMax API-key provider from <code>openai-completions</code> to <code>anthropic-messages</code> with the correct Anthropic-compatible base URL, fixing <code>invalid role: developer (2013)</code> errors on MiniMax M2.5. (#15275) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
-<li>Ollama/Agents: use resolved model/provider base URLs for native <code>/api/chat</code> streaming (including aliased providers), normalize <code>/v1</code> endpoints, and forward abort + <code>maxTokens</code> stream options for reliable cancellation and token caps. (#11853) Thanks @BrokenFinger98.</li>
-<li>OpenAI Codex/Spark: implement end-to-end <code>gpt-5.3-codex-spark</code> support across fallback/thinking/model resolution and <code>models list</code> forward-compat visibility. (#14990, #15174) Thanks @L-U-C-K-Y, @loiie45e.</li>
-<li>Agents/Codex: allow <code>gpt-5.3-codex-spark</code> in forward-compat fallback, live model filtering, and thinking presets, and fix model-picker recognition for spark. (#14990) Thanks @L-U-C-K-Y.</li>
-<li>Models/Codex: resolve configured <code>openai-codex/gpt-5.3-codex-spark</code> through forward-compat fallback during <code>models list</code>, so it is not incorrectly tagged as missing when runtime resolution succeeds. (#15174) Thanks @loiie45e.</li>
-<li>OpenAI Codex/Auth: bridge OpenClaw OAuth profiles into <code>pi</code> <code>auth.json</code> so model discovery and models-list registry resolution can use Codex OAuth credentials. (#15184) Thanks @loiie45e.</li>
-<li>Auth/OpenAI Codex: share OAuth login handling across onboarding and <code>models auth login --provider openai-codex</code>, keep onboarding alive when OAuth fails, and surface a direct OAuth help note instead of terminating the wizard. (#15406, follow-up to #14552) Thanks @zhiluo20.</li>
-<li>Onboarding/Providers: add vLLM as an onboarding provider with model discovery, auth profile wiring, and non-interactive auth-choice validation. (#12577) Thanks @gejifeng.</li>
-<li>Onboarding/Providers: preserve Hugging Face auth intent in auth-choice remapping (<code>tokenProvider=huggingface</code> with <code>authChoice=apiKey</code>) and skip env-override prompts when an explicit token is provided. (#13472) Thanks @Josephrp.</li>
-<li>Onboarding/CLI: restore terminal state without resuming paused <code>stdin</code>, so onboarding exits cleanly after choosing Web UI and the installer returns instead of appearing stuck.</li>
-<li>Signal/Install: auto-install <code>signal-cli</code> via Homebrew on non-x64 Linux architectures, avoiding x86_64 native binary <code>Exec format error</code> failures on arm64/arm hosts. (#15443) Thanks @jogvan-k.</li>
-<li>macOS Voice Wake: fix a crash in trigger trimming for CJK/Unicode transcripts by matching and slicing on original-string ranges instead of transformed-string indices. (#11052) Thanks @Flash-LHR.</li>
-<li>Mattermost (plugin): retry websocket monitor connections with exponential backoff and abort-aware teardown so transient connect failures no longer permanently stop monitoring. (#14962) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Discord/Agents: apply channel/group <code>historyLimit</code> during embedded-runner history compaction to prevent long-running channel sessions from bypassing truncation and overflowing context windows. (#11224) Thanks @shadril238.</li>
-<li>Outbound targets: fail closed for WhatsApp/Twitch/Google Chat fallback paths so invalid or missing targets are dropped instead of rerouted, and align resolver hints with strict target requirements. (#13578) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Restart: clear stale command-queue and heartbeat wake runtime state after SIGUSR1 in-process restarts to prevent zombie gateway behavior where queued work stops draining. (#15195) Thanks @joeykrug.</li>
-<li>Heartbeat: prevent scheduler silent-death races during runner reloads, preserve retry cooldown backoff under wake bursts, and prioritize user/action wake causes over interval/retry reasons when coalescing. (#15108) Thanks @joeykrug.</li>
-<li>Heartbeat: allow explicit wake (<code>wake</code>) and hook wake (<code>hook:*</code>) reasons to run even when <code>HEARTBEAT.md</code> is effectively empty so queued system events are processed. (#14527) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Auto-reply/Heartbeat: strip sentence-ending <code>HEARTBEAT_OK</code> tokens even when followed by up to 4 punctuation characters, while preserving surrounding sentence punctuation. (#15847) Thanks @Spacefish.</li>
-<li>Agents/Heartbeat: stop auto-creating <code>HEARTBEAT.md</code> during workspace bootstrap so missing files continue to run heartbeat as documented. (#11766) Thanks @shadril238.</li>
-<li>Sessions/Agents: pass <code>agentId</code> when resolving existing transcript paths in reply runs so non-default agents and heartbeat/chat handlers no longer fail with <code>Session file path must be within sessions directory</code>. (#15141) Thanks @Goldenmonstew.</li>
-<li>Sessions/Agents: pass <code>agentId</code> through status and usage transcript-resolution paths (auto-reply, gateway usage APIs, and session cost/log loaders) so non-default agents can resolve absolute session files without path-validation failures. (#15103) Thanks @jalehman.</li>
-<li>Sessions: archive previous transcript files on <code>/new</code> and <code>/reset</code> session resets (including gateway <code>sessions.reset</code>) so stale transcripts do not accumulate on disk. (#14869) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Status/Sessions: stop clamping derived <code>totalTokens</code> to context-window size, keep prompt-token snapshots wired through session accounting, and surface context usage as unknown when fresh snapshot data is missing to avoid false 100% reports. (#15114) Thanks @echoVic.</li>
-<li>CLI/Completion: route plugin-load logs to stderr and write generated completion scripts directly to stdout to avoid <code>source <(openclaw completion ...)</code> corruption. (#15481) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>CLI: lazily load outbound provider dependencies and remove forced success-path exits so commands terminate naturally without killing intentional long-running foreground actions. (#12906) Thanks @DrCrinkle.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway + ACP: block high-risk tools (<code>sessions_spawn</code>, <code>sessions_send</code>, <code>gateway</code>, <code>whatsapp_login</code>) from HTTP <code>/tools/invoke</code> by default with <code>gateway.tools.{allow,deny}</code> overrides, and harden ACP permission selection to fail closed when tool identity/options are ambiguous while supporting <code>allow_always</code>/<code>reject_always</code>. (#15390) Thanks @aether-ai-agent.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: breaking default-behavior change - canvas IP-based auth fallback now only accepts machine-scoped addresses (RFC1918, link-local, ULA IPv6, CGNAT); public-source IP matches now require bearer token auth. (#14661) Thanks @sumleo.</li>
-<li>Security/Link understanding: block loopback/internal host patterns and private/mapped IPv6 addresses in extracted URL handling to close SSRF bypasses in link CLI flows. (#15604) Thanks @AI-Reviewer-QS.</li>
-<li>Security/Browser: constrain <code>POST /trace/stop</code>, <code>POST /wait/download</code>, and <code>POST /download</code> output paths to OpenClaw temp roots and reject traversal/escape paths.</li>
-<li>Security/Canvas: serve A2UI assets via the shared safe-open path (<code>openFileWithinRoot</code>) to close traversal/TOCTOU gaps, with traversal and symlink regression coverage. (#10525) Thanks @abdelsfane.</li>
-<li>Security/WhatsApp: enforce <code>0o600</code> on <code>creds.json</code> and <code>creds.json.bak</code> on save/backup/restore paths to reduce credential file exposure. (#10529) Thanks @abdelsfane.</li>
-<li>Security/Gateway: sanitize and truncate untrusted WebSocket header values in pre-handshake close logs to reduce log-poisoning risk. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Security/Audit: add misconfiguration checks for sandbox Docker config with sandbox mode off, ineffective <code>gateway.nodes.denyCommands</code> entries, global minimal tool-profile overrides by agent profiles, and permissive extension-plugin tool reachability.</li>
-<li>Security/Audit: distinguish external webhooks (<code>hooks.enabled</code>) from internal hooks (<code>hooks.internal.enabled</code>) in attack-surface summaries to avoid false exposure signals when only internal hooks are enabled. (#13474) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Security/Onboarding: clarify multi-user DM isolation remediation with explicit <code>openclaw config set session.dmScope ...</code> commands in security audit, doctor security, and channel onboarding guidance. (#13129) Thanks @VintLin.</li>
-<li>Agents/Nodes: harden node exec approval decision handling in the <code>nodes</code> tool run path by failing closed on unexpected approval decisions, and add regression coverage for approval-required retry/deny/timeout flows. (#4726) Thanks @rmorse.</li>
-<li>Android/Nodes: harden <code>app.update</code> by requiring HTTPS and gateway-host URL matching plus SHA-256 verification, stream URL camera downloads to disk with size guards to avoid memory spikes, and stop signing release builds with debug keys. (#13541) Thanks @smartprogrammer93.</li>
-<li>Routing: enforce strict binding-scope matching across peer/guild/team/roles so peer-scoped Discord/Slack bindings no longer match unrelated guild/team contexts or fallback tiers. (#15274) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
-<li>Exec/Allowlist: allow multiline heredoc bodies (<code><<</code>, <code><<-</code>) while keeping multiline non-heredoc shell commands blocked, so exec approval parsing permits heredoc input safely without allowing general newline command chaining. (#13811) Thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
-<li>Config: preserve <code>${VAR}</code> env references when writing config files so <code>openclaw config set/apply/patch</code> does not persist secrets to disk. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Config: remove a cross-request env-snapshot race in config writes by carrying read-time env context into write calls per request, preserving <code>${VAR}</code> refs safely under concurrent gateway config mutations. (#11560) Thanks @akoscz.</li>
-<li>Config: log overwrite audit entries (path, backup target, and hash transition) whenever an existing config file is replaced, improving traceability for unexpected config clobbers.</li>
-<li>Config: keep legacy audio transcription migration strict by rejecting non-string/unsafe command tokens while still migrating valid custom script executables. (#5042) Thanks @shayan919293.</li>
-<li>Config: accept <code>$schema</code> key in config file so JSON Schema editor tooling works without validation errors. (#14998)</li>
-<li>Gateway/Tools Invoke: sanitize <code>/tools/invoke</code> execution failures while preserving <code>400</code> for tool input errors and returning <code>500</code> for unexpected runtime failures, with regression coverage and docs updates. (#13185) Thanks @davidrudduck.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Hooks: preserve <code>408</code> for hook request-body timeout responses while keeping bounded auth-failure cache eviction behavior, with timeout-status regression coverage. (#15848) Thanks @AI-Reviewer-QS.</li>
-<li>Plugins/Hooks: fire <code>before_tool_call</code> hook exactly once per tool invocation in embedded runs by removing duplicate dispatch paths while preserving parameter mutation semantics. (#15635) Thanks @lailoo.</li>
-<li>Agents/Transcript policy: sanitize OpenAI/Codex tool-call ids during transcript policy normalization to prevent invalid tool-call identifiers from propagating into session history. (#15279) Thanks @divisonofficer.</li>
-<li>Agents/Image tool: cap image-analysis completion <code>maxTokens</code> by model capability (<code>min(4096, model.maxTokens)</code>) to avoid over-limit provider failures while still preventing truncation. (#11770) Thanks @detecti1.</li>
-<li>Agents/Compaction: centralize exec default resolution in the shared tool factory so per-agent <code>tools.exec</code> overrides (host/security/ask/node and related defaults) persist across compaction retries. (#15833) Thanks @napetrov.</li>
-<li>Gateway/Agents: stop injecting a phantom <code>main</code> agent into gateway agent listings when <code>agents.list</code> explicitly excludes it. (#11450) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Process/Exec: avoid shell execution for <code>.exe</code> commands on Windows so env overrides work reliably in <code>runCommandWithTimeout</code>. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
-<li>Daemon/Windows: preserve literal backslashes in <code>gateway.cmd</code> command parsing so drive and UNC paths are not corrupted in runtime checks and doctor entrypoint comparisons. (#15642) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Sandbox: pass configured <code>sandbox.docker.env</code> variables to sandbox containers at <code>docker create</code> time. (#15138) Thanks @stevebot-alive.</li>
-<li>Voice Call: route webhook runtime event handling through shared manager event logic so rejected inbound hangups are idempotent in production, with regression tests for duplicate reject events and provider-call-ID remapping parity. (#15892) Thanks @dcantu96.</li>
-<li>Cron: add regression coverage for announce-mode isolated jobs so runs that already report <code>delivered: true</code> do not enqueue duplicate main-session relays, including delivery configs where <code>mode</code> is omitted and defaults to announce. (#15737) Thanks @brandonwise.</li>
-<li>Cron: honor <code>deleteAfterRun</code> in isolated announce delivery by mapping it to subagent announce cleanup mode, so cron run sessions configured for deletion are removed after completion. (#15368) Thanks @arosstale.</li>
-<li>Web tools/web_fetch: prefer <code>text/markdown</code> responses for Cloudflare Markdown for Agents, add <code>cf-markdown</code> extraction for markdown bodies, and redact fetched URLs in <code>x-markdown-tokens</code> debug logs to avoid leaking raw paths/query params. (#15376) Thanks @Yaxuan42.</li>
-<li>Clawdock: avoid Zsh readonly variable collisions in helper scripts. (#15501) Thanks @nkelner.</li>
-<li>Memory: switch default local embedding model to the QAT <code>embeddinggemma-300m-qat-Q8_0</code> variant for better quality at the same footprint. (#15429) Thanks @azade-c.</li>
-<li>Docs/Mermaid: remove hardcoded Mermaid init theme blocks from four docs diagrams so dark mode inherits readable theme defaults. (#15157) Thanks @heytulsiprasad.</li>
+<li>Security/Agents: cap embedded Pi runner outer retry loop with a higher profile-aware dynamic limit (32-160 attempts) and return an explicit <code>retry_limit</code> error payload when retries never converge, preventing unbounded internal retry cycles (<code>GHSA-76m6-pj3w-v7mf</code>).</li>
+<li>Telegram: detect duplicate bot-token ownership across Telegram accounts at startup/status time, mark secondary accounts as not configured with an explicit fix message, and block duplicate account startup before polling to avoid endless <code>getUpdates</code> conflict loops.</li>
+<li>Agents/Tool images: include source filenames in <code>agents/tool-images</code> resize logs so compression events can be traced back to specific files.</li>
+<li>Providers/OAuth: harden Qwen and Chutes refresh handling by validating refresh response expiry values and preserving prior refresh tokens when providers return empty refresh token fields, with regression coverage for empty-token responses.</li>
+<li>Models/Kimi-Coding: add missing implicit provider template for <code>kimi-coding</code> with correct <code>anthropic-messages</code> API type and base URL, fixing 403 errors when using Kimi for Coding. (#22409)</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/Tools: forward <code>senderIsOwner</code> through embedded queued/followup runner params so owner-only tools remain available for authorized senders. (#22296) thanks @hcoj.</li>
+<li>Discord: restore model picker back navigation when a provider is missing and document the Discord picker flow. (#21458) Thanks @pejmanjohn and @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Memory/QMD: respect per-agent <code>memorySearch.enabled=false</code> during gateway QMD startup initialization, split multi-collection QMD searches into per-collection queries (<code>search</code>/<code>vsearch</code>/<code>query</code>) to avoid sparse-term drops, prefer collection-hinted doc resolution to avoid stale-hash collisions, retry boot updates on transient lock/timeout failures, skip <code>qmd embed</code> in BM25-only <code>search</code> mode (including <code>memory index --force</code>), and serialize embed runs globally with failure backoff to prevent CPU storms on multi-agent hosts. (#20581, #21590, #20513, #20001, #21266, #21583, #20346, #19493) Thanks @danielrevivo, @zanderkrause, @sunyan034-cmd, @tilleulenspiegel, @dae-oss, @adamlongcreativellc, @jonathanadams96, and @kiliansitel.</li>
+<li>Memory/Builtin: prevent automatic sync races with manager shutdown by skipping post-close sync starts and waiting for in-flight sync before closing SQLite, so <code>onSearch</code>/<code>onSessionStart</code> no longer fail with <code>database is not open</code> in ephemeral CLI flows. (#20556, #7464) Thanks @FuzzyTG and @henrybottter.</li>
+<li>Providers/Copilot: drop persisted assistant <code>thinking</code> blocks for Claude models (while preserving turn structure/tool blocks) so follow-up requests no longer fail on invalid <code>thinkingSignature</code> payloads. (#19459) Thanks @jackheuberger.</li>
+<li>Providers/Copilot: add <code>claude-sonnet-4.6</code> and <code>claude-sonnet-4.5</code> to the default GitHub Copilot model catalog and add coverage for model-list/definition helpers. (#20270, fixes #20091) Thanks @Clawborn.</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/WebChat: avoid defaulting inbound runtime channel labels to unrelated providers (for example <code>whatsapp</code>) for webchat sessions so channel-specific formatting guidance stays accurate. (#21534) Thanks @lbo728.</li>
+<li>Status: include persisted <code>cacheRead</code>/<code>cacheWrite</code> in session summaries so compact <code>/status</code> output consistently shows cache hit percentages from real session data.</li>
+<li>Heartbeat/Cron: restore interval heartbeat behavior so missing <code>HEARTBEAT.md</code> no longer suppresses runs (only effectively empty files skip), preserving prompt-driven and tagged-cron execution paths.</li>
+<li>WhatsApp/Cron/Heartbeat: enforce allowlisted routing for implicit scheduled/system delivery by merging pairing-store + configured <code>allowFrom</code> recipients, selecting authorized recipients when last-route context points to a non-allowlisted chat, and preventing heartbeat fan-out to recent unauthorized chats.</li>
+<li>Heartbeat/Active hours: constrain active-hours <code>24</code> sentinel parsing to <code>24:00</code> in time validation so invalid values like <code>24:30</code> are rejected early. (#21410) thanks @adhitShet.</li>
+<li>Heartbeat: treat <code>activeHours</code> windows with identical <code>start</code>/<code>end</code> times as zero-width (always outside the window) instead of always-active. (#21408) thanks @adhitShet.</li>
+<li>CLI/Pairing: default <code>pairing list</code> and <code>pairing approve</code> to the sole available pairing channel when omitted, so TUI-only setups can recover from <code>pairing required</code> without guessing channel arguments. (#21527) Thanks @losts1.</li>
+<li>TUI/Pairing: show explicit pairing-required recovery guidance after gateway disconnects that return <code>pairing required</code>, including approval steps to unblock quickstart TUI hatching on fresh installs. (#21841) Thanks @nicolinux.</li>
+<li>TUI/Input: suppress duplicate backspace events arriving in the same input burst window so SSH sessions no longer delete two characters per backspace press in the composer. (#19318) Thanks @eheimer.</li>
+<li>TUI/Heartbeat: suppress heartbeat ACK/prompt noise in chat streaming when <code>showOk</code> is disabled, while still preserving non-ACK heartbeat alerts in final output. (#20228) Thanks @bhalliburton.</li>
+<li>TUI/History: cap chat-log component growth and prune stale render nodes/references so large default history loads no longer overflow render recursion with <code>RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded</code>. (#18068) Thanks @JaniJegoroff.</li>
+<li>Memory/QMD: diversify mixed-source search ranking when both session and memory collections are present so session transcript hits no longer crowd out durable memory-file matches in top results. (#19913) Thanks @alextempr.</li>
+<li>Memory/Tools: return explicit <code>unavailable</code> warnings/actions from <code>memory_search</code> when embedding/provider failures occur (including quota exhaustion), so disabled memory does not look like an empty recall result. (#21894) Thanks @XBS9.</li>
+<li>Session/Startup: require the <code>/new</code> and <code>/reset</code> greeting path to run Session Startup file-reading instructions before responding, so daily memory startup context is not skipped on fresh-session greetings. (#22338) Thanks @armstrong-pv.</li>
+<li>Auth/Onboarding: align OAuth profile-id config mapping with stored credential IDs for OpenAI Codex and Chutes flows, preventing <code>provider:default</code> mismatches when OAuth returns email-scoped credentials. (#12692) thanks @mudrii.</li>
+<li>Provider/HTTP: treat HTTP 503 as failover-eligible for LLM provider errors. (#21086) Thanks @Protocol-zero-0.</li>
+<li>Slack: pass <code>recipient_team_id</code> / <code>recipient_user_id</code> through Slack native streaming calls so <code>chat.startStream</code>/<code>appendStream</code>/<code>stopStream</code> work reliably across DMs and Slack Connect setups, and disable block streaming when native streaming is active. (#20988) Thanks @Dithilli. Earlier recipient-ID groundwork was contributed in #20377 by @AsserAl1012.</li>
+<li>CLI/Config: add canonical <code>--strict-json</code> parsing for <code>config set</code> and keep <code>--json</code> as a legacy alias to reduce help/behavior drift. (#21332) thanks @adhitShet.</li>
+<li>CLI: keep <code>openclaw -v</code> as a root-only version alias so subcommand <code>-v, --verbose</code> flags (for example ACP/hooks/skills) are no longer intercepted globally. (#21303) thanks @adhitShet.</li>
+<li>Memory: return empty snippets when <code>memory_get</code>/QMD read files that have not been created yet, and harden memory indexing/session helpers against ENOENT races so missing Markdown no longer crashes tools. (#20680) Thanks @pahdo.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Streaming: always clean up draft previews even when dispatch throws before fallback handling, preventing orphaned preview messages during failed runs. (#19041) thanks @mudrii.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Streaming: split reasoning and answer draft preview lanes to prevent cross-lane overwrites, and ignore literal <code><think></code> tags inside inline/fenced code snippets so sample markup is not misrouted as reasoning. (#20774) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Streaming: restore 30-char first-preview debounce and scope <code>NO_REPLY</code> prefix suppression to partial sentinel fragments so normal <code>No...</code> text is not filtered. (#22613) thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Status reactions: refresh stall timers on repeated phase updates and honor ack-reaction scope when lifecycle reactions are enabled, preventing false stall emojis and unwanted group reactions. Thanks @wolly-tundracube and @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Telegram/Status reactions: keep lifecycle reactions active when available-reactions lookup fails by falling back to unrestricted variant selection instead of suppressing reaction updates. (#22380) thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Discord/Streaming: apply <code>replyToMode: first</code> only to the first Discord chunk so block-streamed replies do not spam mention pings. (#20726) Thanks @thewilloftheshadow for the report.</li>
+<li>Discord/Components: map DM channel targets back to user-scoped component sessions so button/select interactions stay in the main DM session. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Discord/Allowlist: lazy-load guild lists when resolving Discord user allowlists so ID-only entries resolve even if guild fetch fails. (#20208) Thanks @zhangjunmengyang.</li>
+<li>Discord/Gateway: handle close code 4014 (missing privileged gateway intents) without crashing the gateway. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Discord: ingest inbound stickers as media so sticker-only messages and forwarded stickers are visible to agents. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/Runner: emit <code>onAgentRunStart</code> only after agent lifecycle or tool activity begins (and only once per run), so fallback preflight errors no longer mark runs as started. (#21165) Thanks @shakkernerd.</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/Tool results: serialize tool-result delivery and keep the delivery chain progressing after individual failures so concurrent tool outputs preserve user-visible ordering. (#21231) thanks @ahdernasr.</li>
+<li>Auto-reply/Prompt caching: restore prefix-cache stability by keeping inbound system metadata session-stable and moving per-message IDs (<code>message_id</code>, <code>message_id_full</code>, <code>reply_to_id</code>, <code>sender_id</code>) into untrusted conversation context. (#20597) Thanks @anisoptera.</li>
+<li>iOS/Watch: add actionable watch approval/reject controls and quick-reply actions so watch-originated approvals and responses can be sent directly from notification flows. (#21996) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>iOS/Watch: refresh iOS and watch app icon assets with the lobster icon set to keep phone/watch branding aligned. (#21997) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>CLI/Onboarding: fix Anthropic-compatible custom provider verification by normalizing base URLs to avoid duplicate <code>/v1</code> paths during setup checks. (#21336) Thanks @17jmumford.</li>
+<li>iOS/Gateway/Tools: prefer uniquely connected node matches when duplicate display names exist, surface actionable <code>nodes invoke</code> pairing-required guidance with request IDs, and refresh active iOS gateway registration after location-capability setting changes so capability updates apply immediately. (#22120) thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Auth: require <code>gateway.trustedProxies</code> to include a loopback proxy address when <code>auth.mode="trusted-proxy"</code> and <code>bind="loopback"</code>, preventing same-host proxy misconfiguration from silently blocking auth. (#22082, follow-up to #20097) thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Auth: allow trusted-proxy mode with loopback bind for same-host reverse-proxy deployments, while still requiring configured <code>gateway.trustedProxies</code>. (#20097) thanks @xinhuagu.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Auth: allow authenticated clients across roles/scopes to call <code>health</code> while preserving role and scope enforcement for non-health methods. (#19699) thanks @Nachx639.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Hooks: include transform export name in hook-transform cache keys so distinct exports from the same module do not reuse the wrong cached transform function. (#13855) thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Control UI: return 404 for missing static-asset paths instead of serving SPA fallback HTML, while preserving client-route fallback behavior for extensionless and non-asset dotted paths. (#12060) thanks @mcaxtr.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Pairing: prevent device-token rotate scope escalation by enforcing an approved-scope baseline, preserving approved scopes across metadata updates, and rejecting rotate requests that exceed approved role scope implications. (#20703) thanks @coygeek.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Pairing: clear persisted paired-device state when the gateway client closes with <code>device token mismatch</code> (<code>1008</code>) so reconnect flows can cleanly re-enter pairing. (#22071) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Config: allow <code>gateway.customBindHost</code> in strict config validation when <code>gateway.bind="custom"</code> so valid custom bind-host configurations no longer fail startup. (#20318, fixes #20289) Thanks @MisterGuy420.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Pairing: tolerate legacy paired devices missing <code>roles</code>/<code>scopes</code> metadata in websocket upgrade checks and backfill metadata on reconnect. (#21447, fixes #21236) Thanks @joshavant.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Pairing/CLI: align read-scope compatibility in pairing/device-token checks and add local <code>openclaw devices</code> fallback recovery for loopback <code>pairing required</code> deadlocks, with explicit fallback notice to unblock approval bootstrap flows. (#21616) Thanks @shakkernerd.</li>
+<li>Cron: honor <code>cron.maxConcurrentRuns</code> in the timer loop so due jobs can execute up to the configured parallelism instead of always running serially. (#11595) Thanks @Takhoffman.</li>
+<li>Agents/Compaction: restore embedded compaction safeguard/context-pruning extension loading in production by wiring bundled extension factories into the resource loader instead of runtime file-path resolution. (#22349) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Agents/Subagents: restore announce-chain delivery to agent injection, defer nested announce output until descendant follow-up content is ready, and prevent descendant deferrals from consuming announce retry budget so deep chains do not drop final completions. (#22223) Thanks @tyler6204.</li>
+<li>Agents/System Prompt: label allowlisted senders as authorized senders to avoid implying ownership. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Agents/Tool display: fix exec cwd suffix inference so <code>pushd ... && popd ... && <command></code> does not keep stale <code>(in <dir>)</code> context in summaries. (#21925) Thanks @Lukavyi.</li>
+<li>Tools/web_search: handle xAI Responses API payloads that emit top-level <code>output_text</code> blocks (without a <code>message</code> wrapper) so Grok web_search no longer returns <code>No response</code> for those results. (#20508) Thanks @echoVic.</li>
+<li>Agents/Failover: treat non-default override runs as direct fallback-to-configured-primary (skip configured fallback chain), normalize default-model detection for provider casing/whitespace, and add regression coverage for override/auth error paths. (#18820) Thanks @Glucksberg.</li>
+<li>Docker/Build: include <code>ownerDisplay</code> in <code>CommandsSchema</code> object-level defaults so Docker <code>pnpm build</code> no longer fails with <code>TS2769</code> during plugin SDK d.ts generation. (#22558) Thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Docker/Browser: install Playwright Chromium into <code>/home/node/.cache/ms-playwright</code> and set <code>node:node</code> ownership so browser binaries are available to the runtime user in browser-enabled images. (#22585) thanks @obviyus.</li>
+<li>Hooks/Session memory: trigger bundled <code>session-memory</code> persistence on both <code>/new</code> and <code>/reset</code> so reset flows no longer skip markdown transcript capture before archival. (#21382) Thanks @mofesolapaul.</li>
+<li>Dependencies/Agents: bump embedded Pi SDK packages (<code>@mariozechner/pi-agent-core</code>, <code>@mariozechner/pi-ai</code>, <code>@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent</code>, <code>@mariozechner/pi-tui</code>) to <code>0.54.0</code>. (#21578) Thanks @Takhoffman.</li>
+<li>Config/Agents: expose Pi compaction tuning values <code>agents.defaults.compaction.reserveTokens</code> and <code>agents.defaults.compaction.keepRecentTokens</code> in config schema/types and apply them in embedded Pi runner settings overrides with floor enforcement via <code>reserveTokensFloor</code>. (#21568) Thanks @Takhoffman.</li>
+<li>Docker: pin base images to SHA256 digests in Docker builds to prevent mutable tag drift. (#7734) Thanks @coygeek.</li>
+<li>Docker: run build steps as the <code>node</code> user and use <code>COPY --chown</code> to avoid recursive ownership changes, trimming image size and layer churn. Thanks @huntharo.</li>
+<li>Config/Memory: restore schema help/label metadata for hybrid <code>mmr</code> and <code>temporalDecay</code> settings so configuration surfaces show correct names and guidance. (#18786) Thanks @rodrigouroz.</li>
+<li>Skills/SonosCLI: add troubleshooting guidance for <code>sonos discover</code> failures on macOS direct mode (<code>sendto: no route to host</code>) and sandbox network restrictions (<code>bind: operation not permitted</code>). (#21316) Thanks @huntharo.</li>
+<li>macOS/Build: default release packaging to <code>BUNDLE_ID=ai.openclaw.mac</code> in <code>scripts/package-mac-dist.sh</code>, so Sparkle feed URL is retained and auto-update no longer fails with an empty appcast feed. (#19750) thanks @loganprit.</li>
+<li>Signal/Outbound: preserve case for Base64 group IDs during outbound target normalization so cross-context routing and policy checks no longer break when group IDs include uppercase characters. (#5578) Thanks @heyhudson.</li>
+<li>Anthropic/Agents: preserve required pi-ai default OAuth beta headers when <code>context1m</code> injects <code>anthropic-beta</code>, preventing 401 auth failures for <code>sk-ant-oat-*</code> tokens. (#19789, fixes #19769) Thanks @minupla.</li>
+<li>Security/Exec: block unquoted heredoc body expansion tokens in shell allowlist analysis, reject unterminated heredocs, and require explicit approval for allowlisted heredoc execution on gateway hosts to prevent heredoc substitution allowlist bypass. Thanks @torturado for reporting.</li>
+<li>macOS/Security: evaluate <code>system.run</code> allowlists per shell segment in macOS node runtime and companion exec host (including chained shell operators), fail closed on shell/process substitution parsing, and require explicit approval on unsafe parse cases to prevent allowlist bypass via <code>rawCommand</code> chaining. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.</li>
+<li>WhatsApp/Security: enforce allowlist JID authorization for reaction actions so authenticated callers cannot target non-allowlisted chats by forging <code>chatJid</code> + valid <code>messageId</code> pairs. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.</li>
+<li>ACP/Security: escape control and delimiter characters in ACP <code>resource_link</code> title/URI metadata before prompt interpolation to prevent metadata-driven prompt injection through resource links. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.</li>
+<li>TTS/Security: make model-driven provider switching opt-in by default (<code>messages.tts.modelOverrides.allowProvider=false</code> unless explicitly enabled), while keeping voice/style overrides available, to reduce prompt-injection-driven provider hops and unexpected TTS cost escalation. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.</li>
+<li>Security/Agents: keep overflow compaction retry budgeting global across tool-result truncation recovery so successful truncation cannot reset the overflow retry counter and amplify retry/cost cycles. Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.</li>
+<li>BlueBubbles/Security: require webhook token authentication for all BlueBubbles webhook requests (including loopback/proxied setups), removing passwordless webhook fallback behavior. Thanks @zpbrent.</li>
+<li>iOS/Security: force <code>https://</code> for non-loopback manual gateway hosts during iOS onboarding to block insecure remote transport URLs. (#21969) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Security: remove shared-IP fallback for canvas endpoints and require token or session capability for canvas access. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Security: require secure context and paired-device checks for Control UI auth even when <code>gateway.controlUi.allowInsecureAuth</code> is set, and align audit messaging with the hardened behavior. (#20684) Thanks @coygeek and @Vasco0x4 for reporting.</li>
+<li>Gateway/Security: scope tokenless Tailscale forwarded-header auth to Control UI websocket auth only, so HTTP gateway routes still require token/password even on trusted hosts. Thanks @zpbrent for reporting.</li>
+<li>Docker/Security: run E2E and install-sh test images as non-root by adding appuser directives. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Skills/Security: sanitize skill env overrides to block unsafe runtime injection variables and only allow sensitive keys when declared in skill metadata, with warnings for suspicious values. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Security/Commands: block prototype-key injection in runtime <code>/debug</code> overrides and require own-property checks for gated command flags (<code>bash</code>, <code>config</code>, <code>debug</code>) so inherited prototype values cannot enable privileged commands. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.</li>
+<li>Security/Browser: block non-network browser navigation protocols (including <code>file:</code>, <code>data:</code>, and <code>javascript:</code>) while preserving <code>about:blank</code>, preventing local file reads via browser tool navigation. Thanks @q1uf3ng for reporting.</li>
+<li>Security/Exec: block shell startup-file env injection (<code>BASH_ENV</code>, <code>ENV</code>, <code>BASH_FUNC_*</code>, <code>LD_*</code>, <code>DYLD_*</code>) across config env ingestion, node-host inherited environment sanitization, and macOS exec host runtime to prevent pre-command execution from attacker-controlled environment variables. Thanks @tdjackey.</li>
+<li>Security/Exec (Windows): canonicalize <code>cmd.exe /c</code> command text across validation, approval binding, and audit/event rendering to prevent trailing-argument approval mismatches in <code>system.run</code>. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.</li>
+<li>Security/Gateway/Hooks: block <code>__proto__</code>, <code>constructor</code>, and <code>prototype</code> traversal in webhook template path resolution to prevent prototype-chain payload data leakage in <code>messageTemplate</code> rendering. (#22213) Thanks @SleuthCo.</li>
+<li>Security/OpenClawKit/UI: prevent injected inbound user context metadata blocks from leaking into chat history in TUI, webchat, and macOS surfaces by stripping all untrusted metadata prefixes at display boundaries. (#22142) Thanks @Mellowambience, @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Security/OpenClawKit/UI: strip inbound metadata blocks from user messages in TUI rendering while preserving user-authored content. (#22345) Thanks @kansodata, @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Security/OpenClawKit/UI: prevent inbound metadata leaks and reply-tag streaming artifacts in TUI rendering by stripping untrusted metadata prefixes at display boundaries. (#22346) Thanks @akramcodez, @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Security/Agents: restrict local MEDIA tool attachments to core tools and the OpenClaw temp root to prevent untrusted MCP tool file exfiltration. Thanks @NucleiAv and @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Security/Net: strip sensitive headers (<code>Authorization</code>, <code>Proxy-Authorization</code>, <code>Cookie</code>, <code>Cookie2</code>) on cross-origin redirects in <code>fetchWithSsrFGuard</code> to prevent credential forwarding across origin boundaries. (#20313) Thanks @afurm.</li>
+<li>Security/Systemd: reject CR/LF in systemd unit environment values and fix argument escaping so generated units cannot be injected with extra directives. Thanks @thewilloftheshadow.</li>
+<li>Security/Tools: add per-wrapper random IDs to untrusted-content markers from <code>wrapExternalContent</code>/<code>wrapWebContent</code>, preventing marker spoofing from escaping content boundaries. (#19009) Thanks @Whoaa512.</li>
+<li>Shared/Security: reject insecure deep links that use <code>ws://</code> non-loopback gateway URLs to prevent plaintext remote websocket configuration. (#21970) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>macOS/Security: reject non-loopback <code>ws://</code> remote gateway URLs in macOS remote config to block insecure plaintext websocket endpoints. (#21971) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>Browser/Security: block upload path symlink escapes so browser upload sources cannot traverse outside the allowed workspace via symlinked paths. (#21972) Thanks @mbelinky.</li>
+<li>Security/Dependencies: bump transitive <code>hono</code> usage to <code>4.11.10</code> to incorporate timing-safe authentication comparison hardening for <code>basicAuth</code>/<code>bearerAuth</code> (<code>GHSA-gq3j-xvxp-8hrf</code>). Thanks @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Security/Gateway: parse <code>X-Forwarded-For</code> with trust-preserving semantics when requests come from configured trusted proxies, preventing proxy-chain spoofing from influencing client IP classification and rate-limit identity. Thanks @AnthonyDiSanti and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Security/Sandbox: remove default <code>--no-sandbox</code> for the browser container entrypoint, add explicit opt-in via <code>OPENCLAW_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX</code> / <code>CLAWDBOT_BROWSER_NO_SANDBOX</code>, and add security-audit checks for stale/missing sandbox browser Docker hash labels. Thanks @TerminalsandCoffee and @vincentkoc.</li>
+<li>Security/Sandbox Browser: require VNC password auth for noVNC observer sessions in the sandbox browser entrypoint, plumb per-container noVNC passwords from runtime, and emit short-lived noVNC observer token URLs while keeping loopback-only host port publishing. Thanks @TerminalsandCoffee for reporting.</li>
+<li>Security/Sandbox Browser: default browser sandbox containers to a dedicated Docker network (<code>openclaw-sandbox-browser</code>), add optional CDP ingress source-range restrictions, auto-create missing dedicated networks, and warn in <code>openclaw security --audit</code> when browser sandboxing runs on bridge without source-range limits. Thanks @TerminalsandCoffee for reporting.</li>
 </ul>
 <p><a href="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md">View full changelog</a></p>
 ]]></description>
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+            <enclosure url="https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/download/v2026.2.21/OpenClaw-2026.2.21.zip" length="23065599" type="application/octet-stream" sparkle:edSignature="Wg3P8rMvYO3uWoVR7Izxjm5hC5W0C5jCG2dR4WFSe8ULpUUU79YDJc99NMBnl8ym7ZVbelS3kZ0QSg0Wq2GhCw=="/>
         </item>
     </channel>
 </rss>

apps/android/app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ android {
     applicationId = "ai.openclaw.android"
     minSdk = 31
     targetSdk = 36
-    versionCode = 202602200
-    versionName = "2026.2.20"
+    versionCode = 202602210
+    versionName = "2026.2.21"
     ndk {
       // Support all major ABIs — native libs are tiny (~47 KB per ABI)
       abiFilters += listOf("armeabi-v7a", "arm64-v8a", "x86", "x86_64")

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/android/gateway/GatewaySession.kt

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
     private val connectDeferred = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
     private val closedDeferred = CompletableDeferred<Unit>()
     private val isClosed = AtomicBoolean(false)
-    private val connectNonceDeferred = CompletableDeferred<String?>()
+    private val connectNonceDeferred = CompletableDeferred<String>()
     private val client: OkHttpClient = buildClient()
     private var socket: WebSocket? = null
     private val loggerTag = "OpenClawGateway"
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
       }
     }
 
-    private suspend fun sendConnect(connectNonce: String?) {
+    private suspend fun sendConnect(connectNonce: String) {
       val identity = identityStore.loadOrCreate()
       val storedToken = deviceAuthStore.loadToken(identity.deviceId, options.role)
       val trimmedToken = token?.trim().orEmpty()
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
 
     private fun buildConnectParams(
       identity: DeviceIdentity,
-      connectNonce: String?,
+      connectNonce: String,
       authToken: String,
       authPassword: String?,
     ): JsonObject {
@@ -385,9 +385,7 @@ class GatewaySession(
             put("publicKey", JsonPrimitive(publicKey))
             put("signature", JsonPrimitive(signature))
             put("signedAt", JsonPrimitive(signedAtMs))
-            if (!connectNonce.isNullOrBlank()) {
-              put("nonce", JsonPrimitive(connectNonce))
-            }
+            put("nonce", JsonPrimitive(connectNonce))
           }
         } else {
           null
@@ -447,8 +445,8 @@ class GatewaySession(
         frame["payload"]?.let { it.toString() } ?: frame["payloadJSON"].asStringOrNull()
       if (event == "connect.challenge") {
         val nonce = extractConnectNonce(payloadJson)
-        if (!connectNonceDeferred.isCompleted) {
-          connectNonceDeferred.complete(nonce)
+        if (!connectNonceDeferred.isCompleted && !nonce.isNullOrBlank()) {
+          connectNonceDeferred.complete(nonce.trim())
         }
         return
       }
@@ -459,12 +457,11 @@ class GatewaySession(
       onEvent(event, payloadJson)
     }
 
-    private suspend fun awaitConnectNonce(): String? {
-      if (isLoopbackHost(endpoint.host)) return null
+    private suspend fun awaitConnectNonce(): String {
       return try {
         withTimeout(2_000) { connectNonceDeferred.await() }
-      } catch (_: Throwable) {
-        null
+      } catch (err: Throwable) {
+        throw IllegalStateException("connect challenge timeout", err)
       }
     }
 
@@ -595,14 +592,13 @@ class GatewaySession(
     scopes: List<String>,
     signedAtMs: Long,
     token: String?,
-    nonce: String?,
+    nonce: String,
   ): String {
     val scopeString = scopes.joinToString(",")
     val authToken = token.orEmpty()
-    val version = if (nonce.isNullOrBlank()) "v1" else "v2"
     val parts =
       mutableListOf(
-        version,
+        "v2",
         deviceId,
         clientId,
         clientMode,
@@ -610,10 +606,8 @@ class GatewaySession(
         scopeString,
         signedAtMs.toString(),
         authToken,
+        nonce,
       )
-    if (!nonce.isNullOrBlank()) {
-      parts.add(nonce)
-    }
     return parts.joinToString("|")
   }
 

apps/ios/ShareExtension/Info.plist

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>XPC!</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.20</string>
+	<string>2026.2.21</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 	<string>20260220</string>
 	<key>NSExtension</key>

apps/ios/Sources/Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/Contents.json

@@ -1,31 +1 @@
-{
-  "images" : [
-    { "filename" : "icon-20@1x.png",   "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "1x", "size" : "20x20" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-20@2x.png",   "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "2x", "size" : "20x20" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-20@2x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "2x", "size" : "20x20" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-20@3x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "3x", "size" : "20x20" },
-
-    { "filename" : "icon-29@1x.png",   "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "1x", "size" : "29x29" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-29@2x.png",   "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "2x", "size" : "29x29" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-29@2x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "2x", "size" : "29x29" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-29@3x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "3x", "size" : "29x29" },
-
-    { "filename" : "icon-40@1x.png",   "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "1x", "size" : "40x40" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-40@2x.png",   "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "2x", "size" : "40x40" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-40@2x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "2x", "size" : "40x40" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-40@3x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "3x", "size" : "40x40" },
-
-    { "filename" : "icon-60@2x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "2x", "size" : "60x60" },
-    { "filename" : "icon-60@3x.png",   "idiom" : "iphone","scale" : "3x", "size" : "60x60" },
-
-    { "filename" : "icon-76@2x.png",   "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "2x", "size" : "76x76" },
-
-    { "filename" : "icon-83.5@2x.png", "idiom" : "ipad",  "scale" : "2x", "size" : "83.5x83.5" },
-
-    { "filename" : "icon-1024.png",    "idiom" : "ios-marketing", "scale" : "1x", "size" : "1024x1024" }
-  ],
-  "info" : {
-    "author" : "xcode",
-    "version" : 1
-  }
-}
+{"images":[{"size":"60x60","expected-size":"180","filename":"180.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"3x"},{"size":"40x40","expected-size":"80","filename":"80.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"2x"},{"size":"40x40","expected-size":"120","filename":"120.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"3x"},{"size":"60x60","expected-size":"120","filename":"120.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"2x"},{"size":"57x57","expected-size":"57","filename":"57.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"1x"},{"size":"29x29","expected-size":"58","filename":"58.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"2x"},{"size":"29x29","expected-size":"29","filename":"29.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"1x"},{"size":"29x29","expected-size":"87","filename":"87.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"3x"},{"size":"57x57","expected-size":"114","filename":"114.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"2x"},{"size":"20x20","expected-size":"40","filename":"40.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"2x"},{"size":"20x20","expected-size":"60","filename":"60.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"iphone","scale":"3x"},{"size":"1024x1024","filename":"1024.png","expected-size":"1024","idiom":"ios-marketing","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","scale":"1x"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"172.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"38mm","scale":"2x","size":"86x86","expected-size":"172","role":"quickLook"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"80.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"38mm","scale":"2x","size":"40x40","expected-size":"80","role":"appLauncher"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"88.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"40mm","scale":"2x","size":"44x44","expected-size":"88","role":"appLauncher"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"102.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"45mm","scale":"2x","size":"51x51","expected-size":"102","role":"appLauncher"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"108.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"49mm","scale":"2x","size":"54x54","expected-size":"108","role":"appLauncher"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"92.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"41mm","scale":"2x","size":"46x46","expected-size":"92","role":"appLauncher"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"100.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"44mm","scale":"2x","size":"50x50","expected-size":"100","role":"appLauncher"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"196.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"42mm","scale":"2x","size":"98x98","expected-size":"196","role":"quickLook"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"216.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"44mm","scale":"2x","size":"108x108","expected-size":"216","role":"quickLook"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"234.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"45mm","scale":"2x","size":"117x117","expected-size":"234","role":"quickLook"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"258.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"49mm","scale":"2x","size":"129x129","expected-size":"258","role":"quickLook"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"48.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"38mm","scale":"2x","size":"24x24","expected-size":"48","role":"notificationCenter"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"55.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"42mm","scale":"2x","size":"27.5x27.5","expected-size":"55","role":"notificationCenter"},{"idiom":"watch","filename":"66.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","subtype":"45mm","scale":"2x","size":"33x33","expected-size":"66","role":"notificationCenter"},{"size":"29x29","expected-size":"87","filename":"87.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"watch","role":"companionSettings","scale":"3x"},{"size":"29x29","expected-size":"58","filename":"58.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"watch","role":"companionSettings","scale":"2x"},{"size":"1024x1024","expected-size":"1024","filename":"1024.png","folder":"Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/","idiom":"watch-marketing","scale":"1x"}]}

apps/ios/Sources/Assets.xcassets/Contents.json

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "info" : {
-    "author" : "xcode",
-    "version" : 1
-  }
-}

apps/ios/Sources/Gateway/GatewayConnectionController.swift

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import CoreMotion
 import CryptoKit
 import EventKit
 import Foundation
+import Darwin
 import OpenClawKit
 import Network
 import Observation
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ final class GatewayConnectionController {
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
         let token = GatewaySettingsStore.loadGatewayToken(instanceId: instanceId)
         let password = GatewaySettingsStore.loadGatewayPassword(instanceId: instanceId)
-        let resolvedUseTLS = useTLS
+        let resolvedUseTLS = self.resolveManualUseTLS(host: host, useTLS: useTLS)
         guard let resolvedPort = self.resolveManualPort(host: host, port: port, useTLS: resolvedUseTLS)
         else { return }
         let stableID = self.manualStableID(host: host, port: resolvedPort)
@@ -215,6 +216,23 @@ final class GatewayConnectionController {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Rebuild connect options from current local settings (caps/commands/permissions)
+    /// and re-apply the active gateway config so capability changes take effect immediately.
+    func refreshActiveGatewayRegistrationFromSettings() {
+        guard let appModel else { return }
+        guard let cfg = appModel.activeGatewayConnectConfig else { return }
+        guard appModel.gatewayAutoReconnectEnabled else { return }
+
+        let refreshedConfig = GatewayConnectConfig(
+            url: cfg.url,
+            stableID: cfg.stableID,
+            tls: cfg.tls,
+            token: cfg.token,
+            password: cfg.password,
+            nodeOptions: self.makeConnectOptions(stableID: cfg.stableID))
+        appModel.applyGatewayConnectConfig(refreshedConfig)
+    }
+
     func clearPendingTrustPrompt() {
         self.pendingTrustPrompt = nil
         self.pendingTrustConnect = nil
@@ -309,7 +327,7 @@ final class GatewayConnectionController {
 
             let manualPort = defaults.integer(forKey: "gateway.manual.port")
             let manualTLS = defaults.bool(forKey: "gateway.manual.tls")
-            let resolvedUseTLS = manualTLS || self.shouldForceTLS(host: manualHost)
+            let resolvedUseTLS = self.resolveManualUseTLS(host: manualHost, useTLS: manualTLS)
             guard let resolvedPort = self.resolveManualPort(
                 host: manualHost,
                 port: manualPort,
@@ -320,7 +338,7 @@ final class GatewayConnectionController {
             let tlsParams = self.resolveManualTLSParams(
                 stableID: stableID,
                 tlsEnabled: resolvedUseTLS,
-                allowTOFUReset: self.shouldForceTLS(host: manualHost))
+                allowTOFUReset: self.shouldRequireTLS(host: manualHost))
 
             guard let url = self.buildGatewayURL(
                 host: manualHost,
@@ -340,7 +358,7 @@ final class GatewayConnectionController {
 
         if let lastKnown = GatewaySettingsStore.loadLastGatewayConnection() {
             if case let .manual(host, port, useTLS, stableID) = lastKnown {
-                let resolvedUseTLS = useTLS || self.shouldForceTLS(host: host)
+                let resolvedUseTLS = self.resolveManualUseTLS(host: host, useTLS: useTLS)
                 let stored = GatewayTLSStore.loadFingerprint(stableID: stableID)
                 let tlsParams = stored.map { fp in
                     GatewayTLSParams(required: true, expectedFingerprint: fp, allowTOFU: false, storeKey: stableID)
@@ -646,12 +664,65 @@ final class GatewayConnectionController {
         return components.url
     }
 
+    private func resolveManualUseTLS(host: String, useTLS: Bool) -> Bool {
+        useTLS || self.shouldRequireTLS(host: host)
+    }
+
+    private func shouldRequireTLS(host: String) -> Bool {
+        !Self.isLoopbackHost(host)
+    }
+
     private func shouldForceTLS(host: String) -> Bool {
         let trimmed = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
         if trimmed.isEmpty { return false }
         return trimmed.hasSuffix(".ts.net") || trimmed.hasSuffix(".ts.net.")
     }
 
+    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ rawHost: String) -> Bool {
+        var host = rawHost.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
+        guard !host.isEmpty else { return false }
+
+        if host.hasPrefix("[") && host.hasSuffix("]") {
+            host.removeFirst()
+            host.removeLast()
+        }
+        if host.hasSuffix(".") {
+            host.removeLast()
+        }
+        if let zoneIndex = host.firstIndex(of: "%") {
+            host = String(host[..<zoneIndex])
+        }
+        if host.isEmpty { return false }
+
+        if host == "localhost" || host == "0.0.0.0" || host == "::" {
+            return true
+        }
+        return Self.isLoopbackIPv4(host) || Self.isLoopbackIPv6(host)
+    }
+
+    private static func isLoopbackIPv4(_ host: String) -> Bool {
+        var addr = in_addr()
+        let parsed = host.withCString { inet_pton(AF_INET, $0, &addr) == 1 }
+        guard parsed else { return false }
+        let value = UInt32(bigEndian: addr.s_addr)
+        let firstOctet = UInt8((value >> 24) & 0xFF)
+        return firstOctet == 127
+    }
+
+    private static func isLoopbackIPv6(_ host: String) -> Bool {
+        var addr = in6_addr()
+        let parsed = host.withCString { inet_pton(AF_INET6, $0, &addr) == 1 }
+        guard parsed else { return false }
+        return withUnsafeBytes(of: &addr) { rawBytes in
+            let bytes = rawBytes.bindMemory(to: UInt8.self)
+            let isV6Loopback = bytes[0..<15].allSatisfy { $0 == 0 } && bytes[15] == 1
+            if isV6Loopback { return true }
+
+            let isMappedV4 = bytes[0..<10].allSatisfy { $0 == 0 } && bytes[10] == 0xFF && bytes[11] == 0xFF
+            return isMappedV4 && bytes[12] == 127
+        }
+    }
+
     private func manualStableID(host: String, port: Int) -> String {
         "manual|\(host.lowercased())|\(port)"
     }
@@ -942,6 +1013,14 @@ extension GatewayConnectionController {
     {
         self.resolveDiscoveredTLSParams(gateway: gateway, allowTOFU: allowTOFU)
     }
+
+    func _test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: String, useTLS: Bool) -> Bool {
+        self.resolveManualUseTLS(host: host, useTLS: useTLS)
+    }
+
+    func _test_resolveManualPort(host: String, port: Int, useTLS: Bool) -> Int? {
+        self.resolveManualPort(host: host, port: port, useTLS: useTLS)
+    }
 }
 #endif
 

apps/ios/Sources/Info.plist

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>APPL</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.20</string>
+	<string>2026.2.21</string>
 	<key>CFBundleURLTypes</key>
 	<array>
 		<dict>

apps/ios/Sources/Model/NodeAppModel.swift

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ final class NodeAppModel {
     private let deepLinkLogger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw.ios", category: "DeepLink")
     private let pushWakeLogger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw.ios", category: "PushWake")
     private let locationWakeLogger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw.ios", category: "LocationWake")
+    private let watchReplyLogger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw.ios", category: "WatchReply")
     enum CameraHUDKind {
         case photo
         case recording
@@ -109,6 +110,8 @@ final class NodeAppModel {
     private var backgroundReconnectSuppressed = false
     private var backgroundReconnectLeaseUntil: Date?
     private var lastSignificantLocationWakeAt: Date?
+    private var queuedWatchReplies: [WatchQuickReplyEvent] = []
+    private var seenWatchReplyIds = Set<String>()
 
     private var gatewayConnected = false
     private var operatorConnected = false
@@ -155,6 +158,11 @@ final class NodeAppModel {
         self.talkMode = talkMode
         self.apnsDeviceTokenHex = UserDefaults.standard.string(forKey: Self.apnsDeviceTokenUserDefaultsKey)
         GatewayDiagnostics.bootstrap()
+        self.watchMessagingService.setReplyHandler { [weak self] event in
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                await self?.handleWatchQuickReply(event)
+            }
+        }
 
         self.voiceWake.configure { [weak self] cmd in
             guard let self else { return }
@@ -1608,9 +1616,16 @@ private extension NodeAppModel {
             do {
                 let result = try await self.watchMessagingService.sendNotification(
                     id: req.id,
-                    title: title,
-                    body: body,
-                    priority: params.priority)
+                    params: params)
+                if result.queuedForDelivery || !result.deliveredImmediately {
+                    let invokeID = req.id
+                    Task { @MainActor in
+                        await WatchPromptNotificationBridge.scheduleMirroredWatchPromptNotificationIfNeeded(
+                            invokeID: invokeID,
+                            params: params,
+                            sendResult: result)
+                    }
+                }
                 let payload = OpenClawWatchNotifyPayload(
                     deliveredImmediately: result.deliveredImmediately,
                     queuedForDelivery: result.queuedForDelivery,
@@ -1889,6 +1904,7 @@ private extension NodeAppModel {
                             }
                             GatewayDiagnostics.log(
                                 "operator gateway connected host=\(url.host ?? "?") scheme=\(url.scheme ?? "?")")
+                            await self.talkMode.reloadConfig()
                             await self.refreshBrandingFromGateway()
                             await self.refreshAgentsFromGateway()
                             await self.refreshShareRouteFromGateway()
@@ -2140,9 +2156,7 @@ private extension NodeAppModel {
             clientId: clientId,
             clientMode: "ui",
             clientDisplayName: displayName,
-            // Operator traffic should authenticate via shared gateway auth only.
-            // Including device identity here can trigger duplicate pairing flows.
-            includeDeviceIdentity: false)
+            includeDeviceIdentity: true)
     }
 
     func legacyClientIdFallback(currentClientId: String, error: Error) -> String? {
@@ -2257,6 +2271,90 @@ extension NodeAppModel {
     /// Back-compat hook retained for older gateway-connect flows.
     func onNodeGatewayConnected() async {
         await self.registerAPNsTokenIfNeeded()
+        await self.flushQueuedWatchRepliesIfConnected()
+    }
+
+    private func handleWatchQuickReply(_ event: WatchQuickReplyEvent) async {
+        let replyId = event.replyId.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let actionId = event.actionId.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if replyId.isEmpty || actionId.isEmpty {
+            self.watchReplyLogger.info("watch reply dropped: missing replyId/actionId")
+            return
+        }
+
+        if self.seenWatchReplyIds.contains(replyId) {
+            self.watchReplyLogger.debug(
+                "watch reply deduped replyId=\(replyId, privacy: .public)")
+            return
+        }
+        self.seenWatchReplyIds.insert(replyId)
+
+        if await !self.isGatewayConnected() {
+            self.queuedWatchReplies.append(event)
+            self.watchReplyLogger.info(
+                "watch reply queued replyId=\(replyId, privacy: .public) action=\(actionId, privacy: .public)")
+            return
+        }
+
+        await self.forwardWatchReplyToAgent(event)
+    }
+
+    private func flushQueuedWatchRepliesIfConnected() async {
+        guard await self.isGatewayConnected() else { return }
+        guard !self.queuedWatchReplies.isEmpty else { return }
+
+        let pending = self.queuedWatchReplies
+        self.queuedWatchReplies.removeAll()
+        for event in pending {
+            await self.forwardWatchReplyToAgent(event)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func forwardWatchReplyToAgent(_ event: WatchQuickReplyEvent) async {
+        let sessionKey = event.sessionKey?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let effectiveSessionKey = (sessionKey?.isEmpty == false) ? sessionKey : self.mainSessionKey
+        let message = Self.makeWatchReplyAgentMessage(event)
+        let link = AgentDeepLink(
+            message: message,
+            sessionKey: effectiveSessionKey,
+            thinking: "low",
+            deliver: false,
+            to: nil,
+            channel: nil,
+            timeoutSeconds: nil,
+            key: event.replyId)
+        do {
+            try await self.sendAgentRequest(link: link)
+            self.watchReplyLogger.info(
+                "watch reply forwarded replyId=\(event.replyId, privacy: .public) action=\(event.actionId, privacy: .public)")
+            self.openChatRequestID &+= 1
+        } catch {
+            self.watchReplyLogger.error(
+                "watch reply forwarding failed replyId=\(event.replyId, privacy: .public) error=\(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+            self.queuedWatchReplies.insert(event, at: 0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func makeWatchReplyAgentMessage(_ event: WatchQuickReplyEvent) -> String {
+        let actionLabel = event.actionLabel?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let promptId = event.promptId.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let transport = event.transport.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let summary = actionLabel?.isEmpty == false ? actionLabel! : event.actionId
+        var lines: [String] = []
+        lines.append("Watch reply: \(summary)")
+        lines.append("promptId=\(promptId.isEmpty ? "unknown" : promptId)")
+        lines.append("actionId=\(event.actionId)")
+        lines.append("replyId=\(event.replyId)")
+        if !transport.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("transport=\(transport)")
+        }
+        if let sentAtMs = event.sentAtMs {
+            lines.append("sentAtMs=\(sentAtMs)")
+        }
+        if let note = event.note?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !note.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("note=\(note)")
+        }
+        return lines.joined(separator: "\n")
     }
 
     func handleSilentPushWake(_ userInfo: [AnyHashable: Any]) async -> Bool {
@@ -2462,6 +2560,12 @@ extension NodeAppModel {
     }
 }
 
+extension NodeAppModel {
+    func _bridgeConsumeMirroredWatchReply(_ event: WatchQuickReplyEvent) async {
+        await self.handleWatchQuickReply(event)
+    }
+}
+
 #if DEBUG
 extension NodeAppModel {
     func _test_handleInvoke(_ req: BridgeInvokeRequest) async -> BridgeInvokeResponse {
@@ -2499,5 +2603,9 @@ extension NodeAppModel {
     func _test_applyTalkModeSync(enabled: Bool, phase: String? = nil) {
         self.applyTalkModeSync(enabled: enabled, phase: phase)
     }
+
+    func _test_queuedWatchReplyCount() -> Int {
+        self.queuedWatchReplies.count
+    }
 }
 #endif

apps/ios/Sources/OpenClawApp.swift

@@ -1,21 +1,48 @@
 import SwiftUI
 import Foundation
+import OpenClawKit
 import os
 import UIKit
 import BackgroundTasks
+import UserNotifications
 
-final class OpenClawAppDelegate: NSObject, UIApplicationDelegate {
+private struct PendingWatchPromptAction {
+    var promptId: String?
+    var actionId: String
+    var actionLabel: String?
+    var sessionKey: String?
+}
+
+@MainActor
+final class OpenClawAppDelegate: NSObject, UIApplicationDelegate, @preconcurrency UNUserNotificationCenterDelegate {
     private let logger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw.ios", category: "Push")
     private let backgroundWakeLogger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw.ios", category: "BackgroundWake")
     private static let wakeRefreshTaskIdentifier = "ai.openclaw.ios.bgrefresh"
     private var backgroundWakeTask: Task<Bool, Never>?
     private var pendingAPNsDeviceToken: Data?
+    private var pendingWatchPromptActions: [PendingWatchPromptAction] = []
+
     weak var appModel: NodeAppModel? {
         didSet {
-            guard let model = self.appModel, let token = self.pendingAPNsDeviceToken else { return }
-            self.pendingAPNsDeviceToken = nil
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                model.updateAPNsDeviceToken(token)
+            guard let model = self.appModel else { return }
+            if let token = self.pendingAPNsDeviceToken {
+                self.pendingAPNsDeviceToken = nil
+                Task { @MainActor in
+                    model.updateAPNsDeviceToken(token)
+                }
+            }
+            if !self.pendingWatchPromptActions.isEmpty {
+                let pending = self.pendingWatchPromptActions
+                self.pendingWatchPromptActions.removeAll()
+                Task { @MainActor in
+                    for action in pending {
+                        await model.handleMirroredWatchPromptAction(
+                            promptId: action.promptId,
+                            actionId: action.actionId,
+                            actionLabel: action.actionLabel,
+                            sessionKey: action.sessionKey)
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -26,6 +53,7 @@ final class OpenClawAppDelegate: NSObject, UIApplicationDelegate {
     ) -> Bool
     {
         self.registerBackgroundWakeRefreshTask()
+        UNUserNotificationCenter.current().delegate = self
         application.registerForRemoteNotifications()
         return true
     }
@@ -118,6 +146,305 @@ final class OpenClawAppDelegate: NSObject, UIApplicationDelegate {
                 "Background wake refresh finished applied=\(applied, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
+
+    private static func isWatchPromptNotification(_ userInfo: [AnyHashable: Any]) -> Bool {
+        (userInfo[WatchPromptNotificationBridge.typeKey] as? String) == WatchPromptNotificationBridge.typeValue
+    }
+
+    private static func parseWatchPromptAction(
+        from response: UNNotificationResponse) -> PendingWatchPromptAction?
+    {
+        let userInfo = response.notification.request.content.userInfo
+        guard Self.isWatchPromptNotification(userInfo) else { return nil }
+
+        let promptId = userInfo[WatchPromptNotificationBridge.promptIDKey] as? String
+        let sessionKey = userInfo[WatchPromptNotificationBridge.sessionKeyKey] as? String
+
+        switch response.actionIdentifier {
+        case WatchPromptNotificationBridge.actionPrimaryIdentifier:
+            let actionId = (userInfo[WatchPromptNotificationBridge.actionPrimaryIDKey] as? String)?
+                .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+            guard !actionId.isEmpty else { return nil }
+            let actionLabel = userInfo[WatchPromptNotificationBridge.actionPrimaryLabelKey] as? String
+            return PendingWatchPromptAction(
+                promptId: promptId,
+                actionId: actionId,
+                actionLabel: actionLabel,
+                sessionKey: sessionKey)
+        case WatchPromptNotificationBridge.actionSecondaryIdentifier:
+            let actionId = (userInfo[WatchPromptNotificationBridge.actionSecondaryIDKey] as? String)?
+                .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+            guard !actionId.isEmpty else { return nil }
+            let actionLabel = userInfo[WatchPromptNotificationBridge.actionSecondaryLabelKey] as? String
+            return PendingWatchPromptAction(
+                promptId: promptId,
+                actionId: actionId,
+                actionLabel: actionLabel,
+                sessionKey: sessionKey)
+        default:
+            return nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func routeWatchPromptAction(_ action: PendingWatchPromptAction) async {
+        guard let appModel = self.appModel else {
+            self.pendingWatchPromptActions.append(action)
+            return
+        }
+        await appModel.handleMirroredWatchPromptAction(
+            promptId: action.promptId,
+            actionId: action.actionId,
+            actionLabel: action.actionLabel,
+            sessionKey: action.sessionKey)
+        _ = await appModel.handleBackgroundRefreshWake(trigger: "watch_prompt_action")
+    }
+
+    func userNotificationCenter(
+        _ center: UNUserNotificationCenter,
+        willPresent notification: UNNotification,
+        withCompletionHandler completionHandler: @escaping (UNNotificationPresentationOptions) -> Void)
+    {
+        let userInfo = notification.request.content.userInfo
+        if Self.isWatchPromptNotification(userInfo) {
+            completionHandler([.banner, .list, .sound])
+            return
+        }
+        completionHandler([])
+    }
+
+    func userNotificationCenter(
+        _ center: UNUserNotificationCenter,
+        didReceive response: UNNotificationResponse,
+        withCompletionHandler completionHandler: @escaping () -> Void)
+    {
+        guard let action = Self.parseWatchPromptAction(from: response) else {
+            completionHandler()
+            return
+        }
+        Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
+            guard let self else {
+                completionHandler()
+                return
+            }
+            await self.routeWatchPromptAction(action)
+            completionHandler()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum WatchPromptNotificationBridge {
+    static let typeKey = "openclaw.type"
+    static let typeValue = "watch.prompt"
+    static let promptIDKey = "openclaw.watch.promptId"
+    static let sessionKeyKey = "openclaw.watch.sessionKey"
+    static let actionPrimaryIDKey = "openclaw.watch.action.primary.id"
+    static let actionPrimaryLabelKey = "openclaw.watch.action.primary.label"
+    static let actionSecondaryIDKey = "openclaw.watch.action.secondary.id"
+    static let actionSecondaryLabelKey = "openclaw.watch.action.secondary.label"
+    static let actionPrimaryIdentifier = "openclaw.watch.action.primary"
+    static let actionSecondaryIdentifier = "openclaw.watch.action.secondary"
+    static let categoryPrefix = "openclaw.watch.prompt.category."
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func scheduleMirroredWatchPromptNotificationIfNeeded(
+        invokeID: String,
+        params: OpenClawWatchNotifyParams,
+        sendResult: WatchNotificationSendResult) async
+    {
+        guard sendResult.queuedForDelivery || !sendResult.deliveredImmediately else { return }
+
+        let title = params.title.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let body = params.body.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !title.isEmpty || !body.isEmpty else { return }
+        guard await self.requestNotificationAuthorizationIfNeeded() else { return }
+
+        let normalizedActions = (params.actions ?? []).compactMap { action -> OpenClawWatchAction? in
+            let id = action.id.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            let label = action.label.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            guard !id.isEmpty, !label.isEmpty else { return nil }
+            return OpenClawWatchAction(id: id, label: label, style: action.style)
+        }
+        let primaryAction = normalizedActions.first
+        let secondaryAction = normalizedActions.dropFirst().first
+
+        let center = UNUserNotificationCenter.current()
+        var categoryIdentifier = ""
+        if let primaryAction {
+            let categoryID = "\(self.categoryPrefix)\(invokeID)"
+            let category = UNNotificationCategory(
+                identifier: categoryID,
+                actions: self.categoryActions(primaryAction: primaryAction, secondaryAction: secondaryAction),
+                intentIdentifiers: [],
+                options: [])
+            await self.upsertNotificationCategory(category, center: center)
+            categoryIdentifier = categoryID
+        }
+
+        var userInfo: [AnyHashable: Any] = [
+            self.typeKey: self.typeValue,
+        ]
+        if let promptId = params.promptId?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !promptId.isEmpty {
+            userInfo[self.promptIDKey] = promptId
+        }
+        if let sessionKey = params.sessionKey?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !sessionKey.isEmpty {
+            userInfo[self.sessionKeyKey] = sessionKey
+        }
+        if let primaryAction {
+            userInfo[self.actionPrimaryIDKey] = primaryAction.id
+            userInfo[self.actionPrimaryLabelKey] = primaryAction.label
+        }
+        if let secondaryAction {
+            userInfo[self.actionSecondaryIDKey] = secondaryAction.id
+            userInfo[self.actionSecondaryLabelKey] = secondaryAction.label
+        }
+
+        let content = UNMutableNotificationContent()
+        content.title = title.isEmpty ? "OpenClaw" : title
+        content.body = body
+        content.sound = .default
+        content.userInfo = userInfo
+        if !categoryIdentifier.isEmpty {
+            content.categoryIdentifier = categoryIdentifier
+        }
+        if #available(iOS 15.0, *) {
+            switch params.priority ?? .active {
+            case .passive:
+                content.interruptionLevel = .passive
+            case .timeSensitive:
+                content.interruptionLevel = .timeSensitive
+            case .active:
+                content.interruptionLevel = .active
+            }
+        }
+
+        let request = UNNotificationRequest(
+            identifier: "watch.prompt.\(invokeID)",
+            content: content,
+            trigger: nil)
+        try? await self.addNotificationRequest(request, center: center)
+    }
+
+    private static func categoryActions(
+        primaryAction: OpenClawWatchAction,
+        secondaryAction: OpenClawWatchAction?) -> [UNNotificationAction]
+    {
+        var actions: [UNNotificationAction] = [
+            UNNotificationAction(
+                identifier: self.actionPrimaryIdentifier,
+                title: primaryAction.label,
+                options: self.notificationActionOptions(style: primaryAction.style))
+        ]
+        if let secondaryAction {
+            actions.append(
+                UNNotificationAction(
+                    identifier: self.actionSecondaryIdentifier,
+                    title: secondaryAction.label,
+                    options: self.notificationActionOptions(style: secondaryAction.style)))
+        }
+        return actions
+    }
+
+    private static func notificationActionOptions(style: String?) -> UNNotificationActionOptions {
+        switch style?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased() {
+        case "destructive":
+            return [.destructive]
+        case "foreground":
+            // For mirrored watch actions, keep handling in background when possible.
+            return []
+        default:
+            return []
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func requestNotificationAuthorizationIfNeeded() async -> Bool {
+        let center = UNUserNotificationCenter.current()
+        let status = await self.notificationAuthorizationStatus(center: center)
+        switch status {
+        case .authorized, .provisional, .ephemeral:
+            return true
+        case .notDetermined:
+            let granted = (try? await center.requestAuthorization(options: [.alert, .sound, .badge])) ?? false
+            if !granted { return false }
+            let updatedStatus = await self.notificationAuthorizationStatus(center: center)
+            return self.isAuthorizationStatusAllowed(updatedStatus)
+        case .denied:
+            return false
+        @unknown default:
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func isAuthorizationStatusAllowed(_ status: UNAuthorizationStatus) -> Bool {
+        switch status {
+        case .authorized, .provisional, .ephemeral:
+            return true
+        case .denied, .notDetermined:
+            return false
+        @unknown default:
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func notificationAuthorizationStatus(center: UNUserNotificationCenter) async -> UNAuthorizationStatus {
+        await withCheckedContinuation { continuation in
+            center.getNotificationSettings { settings in
+                continuation.resume(returning: settings.authorizationStatus)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func upsertNotificationCategory(
+        _ category: UNNotificationCategory,
+        center: UNUserNotificationCenter) async
+    {
+        await withCheckedContinuation { continuation in
+            center.getNotificationCategories { categories in
+                var updated = categories
+                updated.update(with: category)
+                center.setNotificationCategories(updated)
+                continuation.resume()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func addNotificationRequest(_ request: UNNotificationRequest, center: UNUserNotificationCenter) async throws {
+        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { (continuation: CheckedContinuation<Void, Error>) in
+            center.add(request) { error in
+                if let error {
+                    continuation.resume(throwing: error)
+                } else {
+                    continuation.resume(returning: ())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+extension NodeAppModel {
+    func handleMirroredWatchPromptAction(
+        promptId: String?,
+        actionId: String,
+        actionLabel: String?,
+        sessionKey: String?) async
+    {
+        let normalizedActionID = actionId.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !normalizedActionID.isEmpty else { return }
+
+        let normalizedPromptID = promptId?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let normalizedSessionKey = sessionKey?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let normalizedActionLabel = actionLabel?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+
+        let event = WatchQuickReplyEvent(
+            replyId: UUID().uuidString,
+            promptId: (normalizedPromptID?.isEmpty == false) ? normalizedPromptID! : "unknown",
+            actionId: normalizedActionID,
+            actionLabel: (normalizedActionLabel?.isEmpty == false) ? normalizedActionLabel : nil,
+            sessionKey: (normalizedSessionKey?.isEmpty == false) ? normalizedSessionKey : nil,
+            note: "source=ios.notification",
+            sentAtMs: Int(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000),
+            transport: "ios.notification")
+        await self._bridgeConsumeMirroredWatchReply(event)
+    }
 }
 
 @main

apps/ios/Sources/Services/NodeServiceProtocols.swift

@@ -73,6 +73,17 @@ struct WatchMessagingStatus: Sendable, Equatable {
     var activationState: String
 }
 
+struct WatchQuickReplyEvent: Sendable, Equatable {
+    var replyId: String
+    var promptId: String
+    var actionId: String
+    var actionLabel: String?
+    var sessionKey: String?
+    var note: String?
+    var sentAtMs: Int?
+    var transport: String
+}
+
 struct WatchNotificationSendResult: Sendable, Equatable {
     var deliveredImmediately: Bool
     var queuedForDelivery: Bool
@@ -81,11 +92,10 @@ struct WatchNotificationSendResult: Sendable, Equatable {
 
 protocol WatchMessagingServicing: AnyObject, Sendable {
     func status() async -> WatchMessagingStatus
+    func setReplyHandler(_ handler: (@Sendable (WatchQuickReplyEvent) -> Void)?)
     func sendNotification(
         id: String,
-        title: String,
-        body: String,
-        priority: OpenClawNotificationPriority?) async throws -> WatchNotificationSendResult
+        params: OpenClawWatchNotifyParams) async throws -> WatchNotificationSendResult
 }
 
 extension CameraController: CameraServicing {}

apps/ios/Sources/Services/WatchMessagingService.swift

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ enum WatchMessagingError: LocalizedError {
 final class WatchMessagingService: NSObject, WatchMessagingServicing, @unchecked Sendable {
     private static let logger = Logger(subsystem: "ai.openclaw", category: "watch.messaging")
     private let session: WCSession?
+    private let replyHandlerLock = NSLock()
+    private var replyHandler: (@Sendable (WatchQuickReplyEvent) -> Void)?
 
     override init() {
         if WCSession.isSupported() {
@@ -67,11 +69,15 @@ final class WatchMessagingService: NSObject, WatchMessagingServicing, @unchecked
         return Self.status(for: session)
     }
 
+    func setReplyHandler(_ handler: (@Sendable (WatchQuickReplyEvent) -> Void)?) {
+        self.replyHandlerLock.lock()
+        self.replyHandler = handler
+        self.replyHandlerLock.unlock()
+    }
+
     func sendNotification(
         id: String,
-        title: String,
-        body: String,
-        priority: OpenClawNotificationPriority?) async throws -> WatchNotificationSendResult
+        params: OpenClawWatchNotifyParams) async throws -> WatchNotificationSendResult
     {
         await self.ensureActivated()
         guard let session = self.session else {
@@ -82,14 +88,44 @@ final class WatchMessagingService: NSObject, WatchMessagingServicing, @unchecked
         guard snapshot.paired else { throw WatchMessagingError.notPaired }
         guard snapshot.appInstalled else { throw WatchMessagingError.watchAppNotInstalled }
 
-        let payload: [String: Any] = [
+        var payload: [String: Any] = [
             "type": "watch.notify",
             "id": id,
-            "title": title,
-            "body": body,
-            "priority": priority?.rawValue ?? OpenClawNotificationPriority.active.rawValue,
+            "title": params.title,
+            "body": params.body,
+            "priority": params.priority?.rawValue ?? OpenClawNotificationPriority.active.rawValue,
             "sentAtMs": Int(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000),
         ]
+        if let promptId = Self.nonEmpty(params.promptId) {
+            payload["promptId"] = promptId
+        }
+        if let sessionKey = Self.nonEmpty(params.sessionKey) {
+            payload["sessionKey"] = sessionKey
+        }
+        if let kind = Self.nonEmpty(params.kind) {
+            payload["kind"] = kind
+        }
+        if let details = Self.nonEmpty(params.details) {
+            payload["details"] = details
+        }
+        if let expiresAtMs = params.expiresAtMs {
+            payload["expiresAtMs"] = expiresAtMs
+        }
+        if let risk = params.risk {
+            payload["risk"] = risk.rawValue
+        }
+        if let actions = params.actions, !actions.isEmpty {
+            payload["actions"] = actions.map { action in
+                var encoded: [String: Any] = [
+                    "id": action.id,
+                    "label": action.label,
+                ]
+                if let style = Self.nonEmpty(action.style) {
+                    encoded["style"] = style
+                }
+                return encoded
+            }
+        }
 
         if snapshot.reachable {
             do {
@@ -120,6 +156,47 @@ final class WatchMessagingService: NSObject, WatchMessagingServicing, @unchecked
         }
     }
 
+    private func emitReply(_ event: WatchQuickReplyEvent) {
+        let handler: ((WatchQuickReplyEvent) -> Void)?
+        self.replyHandlerLock.lock()
+        handler = self.replyHandler
+        self.replyHandlerLock.unlock()
+        handler?(event)
+    }
+
+    private static func nonEmpty(_ value: String?) -> String? {
+        let trimmed = value?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        return trimmed.isEmpty ? nil : trimmed
+    }
+
+    private static func parseQuickReplyPayload(
+        _ payload: [String: Any],
+        transport: String) -> WatchQuickReplyEvent?
+    {
+        guard (payload["type"] as? String) == "watch.reply" else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        guard let actionId = nonEmpty(payload["actionId"] as? String) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        let promptId = nonEmpty(payload["promptId"] as? String) ?? "unknown"
+        let replyId = nonEmpty(payload["replyId"] as? String) ?? UUID().uuidString
+        let actionLabel = nonEmpty(payload["actionLabel"] as? String)
+        let sessionKey = nonEmpty(payload["sessionKey"] as? String)
+        let note = nonEmpty(payload["note"] as? String)
+        let sentAtMs = (payload["sentAtMs"] as? Int) ?? (payload["sentAtMs"] as? NSNumber)?.intValue
+
+        return WatchQuickReplyEvent(
+            replyId: replyId,
+            promptId: promptId,
+            actionId: actionId,
+            actionLabel: actionLabel,
+            sessionKey: sessionKey,
+            note: note,
+            sentAtMs: sentAtMs,
+            transport: transport)
+    }
+
     private func ensureActivated() async {
         guard let session = self.session else { return }
         if session.activationState == .activated { return }
@@ -172,5 +249,32 @@ extension WatchMessagingService: WCSessionDelegate {
         session.activate()
     }
 
+    func session(_: WCSession, didReceiveMessage message: [String: Any]) {
+        guard let event = Self.parseQuickReplyPayload(message, transport: "sendMessage") else {
+            return
+        }
+        self.emitReply(event)
+    }
+
+    func session(
+        _: WCSession,
+        didReceiveMessage message: [String: Any],
+        replyHandler: @escaping ([String: Any]) -> Void)
+    {
+        guard let event = Self.parseQuickReplyPayload(message, transport: "sendMessage") else {
+            replyHandler(["ok": false, "error": "unsupported_payload"])
+            return
+        }
+        replyHandler(["ok": true])
+        self.emitReply(event)
+    }
+
+    func session(_: WCSession, didReceiveUserInfo userInfo: [String: Any]) {
+        guard let event = Self.parseQuickReplyPayload(userInfo, transport: "transferUserInfo") else {
+            return
+        }
+        self.emitReply(event)
+    }
+
     func sessionReachabilityDidChange(_ session: WCSession) {}
 }

apps/ios/Sources/Settings/SettingsTab.swift

@@ -306,6 +306,26 @@ struct SettingsTab: View {
                             help: "Keeps the screen awake while OpenClaw is open.")
 
                         DisclosureGroup("Advanced") {
+                            VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
+                                Text("Talk Voice (Gateway)")
+                                    .font(.footnote.weight(.semibold))
+                                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                                LabeledContent("Provider", value: "ElevenLabs")
+                                LabeledContent(
+                                    "API Key",
+                                    value: self.appModel.talkMode.gatewayTalkConfigLoaded
+                                        ? (self.appModel.talkMode.gatewayTalkApiKeyConfigured ? "Configured" : "Not configured")
+                                        : "Not loaded")
+                                LabeledContent(
+                                    "Default Model",
+                                    value: self.appModel.talkMode.gatewayTalkDefaultModelId ?? "eleven_v3 (fallback)")
+                                LabeledContent(
+                                    "Default Voice",
+                                    value: self.appModel.talkMode.gatewayTalkDefaultVoiceId ?? "auto (first available)")
+                                Text("Configured on gateway via talk.apiKey, talk.modelId, and talk.voiceId.")
+                                    .font(.footnote)
+                                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                            }
                             self.featureToggle(
                                 "Voice Directive Hint",
                                 isOn: self.$talkVoiceDirectiveHintEnabled,
@@ -399,6 +419,9 @@ struct SettingsTab: View {
                 // Keep setup front-and-center when disconnected; keep things compact once connected.
                 self.gatewayExpanded = !self.isGatewayConnected
                 self.selectedAgentPickerId = self.appModel.selectedAgentId ?? ""
+                if self.isGatewayConnected {
+                    self.appModel.reloadTalkConfig()
+                }
             }
             .onChange(of: self.selectedAgentPickerId) { _, newValue in
                 let trimmed = newValue.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
@@ -461,6 +484,10 @@ struct SettingsTab: View {
                             self.locationEnabledModeRaw = previous
                             self.lastLocationModeRaw = previous
                         }
+                        return
+                    }
+                    await MainActor.run {
+                        self.gatewayController.refreshActiveGatewayRegistrationFromSettings()
                     }
                 }
             }

apps/ios/Sources/Voice/TalkModeManager.swift

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ final class TalkModeManager: NSObject {
     var statusText: String = "Off"
     /// 0..1-ish (not calibrated). Intended for UI feedback only.
     var micLevel: Double = 0
+    var gatewayTalkConfigLoaded: Bool = false
+    var gatewayTalkApiKeyConfigured: Bool = false
+    var gatewayTalkDefaultModelId: String?
+    var gatewayTalkDefaultVoiceId: String?
 
     private enum CaptureMode {
         case idle
@@ -87,6 +91,8 @@ final class TalkModeManager: NSObject {
     private var incrementalSpeechBuffer = IncrementalSpeechBuffer()
     private var incrementalSpeechContext: IncrementalSpeechContext?
     private var incrementalSpeechDirective: TalkDirective?
+    private var incrementalSpeechPrefetch: IncrementalSpeechPrefetchState?
+    private var incrementalSpeechPrefetchMonitorTask: Task<Void, Never>?
 
     private let logger = Logger(subsystem: "bot.molt", category: "TalkMode")
 
@@ -547,6 +553,16 @@ final class TalkModeManager: NSObject {
             guard let self else { return }
             if let error {
                 let msg = error.localizedDescription
+                let lowered = msg.lowercased()
+                let isCancellation = lowered.contains("cancelled") || lowered.contains("canceled")
+                if isCancellation {
+                    GatewayDiagnostics.log("talk speech: cancelled")
+                    if self.captureMode == .continuous, self.isEnabled, !self.isSpeaking {
+                        self.statusText = "Listening"
+                    }
+                    self.logger.debug("speech recognition cancelled")
+                    return
+                }
                 GatewayDiagnostics.log("talk speech: error=\(msg)")
                 if !self.isSpeaking {
                     if msg.localizedCaseInsensitiveContains("no speech detected") {
@@ -1173,6 +1189,7 @@ final class TalkModeManager: NSObject {
         self.incrementalSpeechQueue.removeAll()
         self.incrementalSpeechTask?.cancel()
         self.incrementalSpeechTask = nil
+        self.cancelIncrementalPrefetch()
         self.incrementalSpeechActive = true
         self.incrementalSpeechUsed = false
         self.incrementalSpeechLanguage = nil
@@ -1185,6 +1202,7 @@ final class TalkModeManager: NSObject {
         self.incrementalSpeechQueue.removeAll()
         self.incrementalSpeechTask?.cancel()
         self.incrementalSpeechTask = nil
+        self.cancelIncrementalPrefetch()
         self.incrementalSpeechActive = false
         self.incrementalSpeechContext = nil
         self.incrementalSpeechDirective = nil
@@ -1212,20 +1230,168 @@ final class TalkModeManager: NSObject {
 
         self.incrementalSpeechTask = Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
             guard let self else { return }
+            defer {
+                self.cancelIncrementalPrefetch()
+                self.isSpeaking = false
+                self.stopRecognition()
+                self.incrementalSpeechTask = nil
+            }
             while !Task.isCancelled {
                 guard !self.incrementalSpeechQueue.isEmpty else { break }
                 let segment = self.incrementalSpeechQueue.removeFirst()
                 self.statusText = "Speaking…"
                 self.isSpeaking = true
                 self.lastSpokenText = segment
-                await self.speakIncrementalSegment(segment)
+                await self.updateIncrementalContextIfNeeded()
+                let context = self.incrementalSpeechContext
+                let prefetchedAudio = await self.consumeIncrementalPrefetchedAudioIfAvailable(
+                    for: segment,
+                    context: context)
+                if let context {
+                    self.startIncrementalPrefetchMonitor(context: context)
+                }
+                await self.speakIncrementalSegment(
+                    segment,
+                    context: context,
+                    prefetchedAudio: prefetchedAudio)
+                self.cancelIncrementalPrefetchMonitor()
             }
-            self.isSpeaking = false
-            self.stopRecognition()
-            self.incrementalSpeechTask = nil
         }
     }
 
+    private func cancelIncrementalPrefetch() {
+        self.cancelIncrementalPrefetchMonitor()
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch?.task.cancel()
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = nil
+    }
+
+    private func cancelIncrementalPrefetchMonitor() {
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetchMonitorTask?.cancel()
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetchMonitorTask = nil
+    }
+
+    private func startIncrementalPrefetchMonitor(context: IncrementalSpeechContext) {
+        self.cancelIncrementalPrefetchMonitor()
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetchMonitorTask = Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
+            guard let self else { return }
+            while !Task.isCancelled {
+                if self.ensureIncrementalPrefetchForUpcomingSegment(context: context) {
+                    return
+                }
+                try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 40_000_000)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func ensureIncrementalPrefetchForUpcomingSegment(context: IncrementalSpeechContext) -> Bool {
+        guard context.canUseElevenLabs else {
+            self.cancelIncrementalPrefetch()
+            return false
+        }
+        guard let nextSegment = self.incrementalSpeechQueue.first else { return false }
+        if let existing = self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch {
+            if existing.segment == nextSegment, existing.context == context {
+                return true
+            }
+            existing.task.cancel()
+            self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = nil
+        }
+        self.startIncrementalPrefetch(segment: nextSegment, context: context)
+        return self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch != nil
+    }
+
+    private func startIncrementalPrefetch(segment: String, context: IncrementalSpeechContext) {
+        guard context.canUseElevenLabs, let apiKey = context.apiKey, let voiceId = context.voiceId else { return }
+        let prefetchOutputFormat = self.resolveIncrementalPrefetchOutputFormat(context: context)
+        let request = self.makeIncrementalTTSRequest(
+            text: segment,
+            context: context,
+            outputFormat: prefetchOutputFormat)
+        let id = UUID()
+        let task = Task { [weak self] in
+            let stream = ElevenLabsTTSClient(apiKey: apiKey).streamSynthesize(voiceId: voiceId, request: request)
+            var chunks: [Data] = []
+            do {
+                for try await chunk in stream {
+                    try Task.checkCancellation()
+                    chunks.append(chunk)
+                }
+                await self?.completeIncrementalPrefetch(id: id, chunks: chunks)
+            } catch is CancellationError {
+                await self?.clearIncrementalPrefetch(id: id)
+            } catch {
+                await self?.failIncrementalPrefetch(id: id, error: error)
+            }
+        }
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = IncrementalSpeechPrefetchState(
+            id: id,
+            segment: segment,
+            context: context,
+            outputFormat: prefetchOutputFormat,
+            chunks: nil,
+            task: task)
+    }
+
+    private func completeIncrementalPrefetch(id: UUID, chunks: [Data]) {
+        guard var prefetch = self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch, prefetch.id == id else { return }
+        prefetch.chunks = chunks
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = prefetch
+    }
+
+    private func clearIncrementalPrefetch(id: UUID) {
+        guard let prefetch = self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch, prefetch.id == id else { return }
+        prefetch.task.cancel()
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = nil
+    }
+
+    private func failIncrementalPrefetch(id: UUID, error: any Error) {
+        guard let prefetch = self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch, prefetch.id == id else { return }
+        self.logger.debug("incremental prefetch failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+        prefetch.task.cancel()
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = nil
+    }
+
+    private func consumeIncrementalPrefetchedAudioIfAvailable(
+        for segment: String,
+        context: IncrementalSpeechContext?
+    ) async -> IncrementalPrefetchedAudio?
+    {
+        guard let context else {
+            self.cancelIncrementalPrefetch()
+            return nil
+        }
+        guard let prefetch = self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        guard prefetch.context == context else {
+            prefetch.task.cancel()
+            self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = nil
+            return nil
+        }
+        guard prefetch.segment == segment else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        if let chunks = prefetch.chunks, !chunks.isEmpty {
+            let prefetched = IncrementalPrefetchedAudio(chunks: chunks, outputFormat: prefetch.outputFormat)
+            self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = nil
+            return prefetched
+        }
+        await prefetch.task.value
+        guard let completed = self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch else { return nil }
+        guard completed.context == context, completed.segment == segment else { return nil }
+        guard let chunks = completed.chunks, !chunks.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        let prefetched = IncrementalPrefetchedAudio(chunks: chunks, outputFormat: completed.outputFormat)
+        self.incrementalSpeechPrefetch = nil
+        return prefetched
+    }
+
+    private func resolveIncrementalPrefetchOutputFormat(context: IncrementalSpeechContext) -> String? {
+        if TalkTTSValidation.pcmSampleRate(from: context.outputFormat) != nil {
+            return ElevenLabsTTSClient.validatedOutputFormat("mp3_44100")
+        }
+        return context.outputFormat
+    }
+
     private func finishIncrementalSpeech() async {
         guard self.incrementalSpeechActive else { return }
         let leftover = self.incrementalSpeechBuffer.flush()
@@ -1333,77 +1499,103 @@ final class TalkModeManager: NSObject {
             canUseElevenLabs: canUseElevenLabs)
     }
 
-    private func speakIncrementalSegment(_ text: String) async {
-        await self.updateIncrementalContextIfNeeded()
-        guard let context = self.incrementalSpeechContext else {
+    private func makeIncrementalTTSRequest(
+        text: String,
+        context: IncrementalSpeechContext,
+        outputFormat: String?
+    ) -> ElevenLabsTTSRequest
+    {
+        ElevenLabsTTSRequest(
+            text: text,
+            modelId: context.modelId,
+            outputFormat: outputFormat,
+            speed: TalkTTSValidation.resolveSpeed(
+                speed: context.directive?.speed,
+                rateWPM: context.directive?.rateWPM),
+            stability: TalkTTSValidation.validatedStability(
+                context.directive?.stability,
+                modelId: context.modelId),
+            similarity: TalkTTSValidation.validatedUnit(context.directive?.similarity),
+            style: TalkTTSValidation.validatedUnit(context.directive?.style),
+            speakerBoost: context.directive?.speakerBoost,
+            seed: TalkTTSValidation.validatedSeed(context.directive?.seed),
+            normalize: ElevenLabsTTSClient.validatedNormalize(context.directive?.normalize),
+            language: context.language,
+            latencyTier: TalkTTSValidation.validatedLatencyTier(context.directive?.latencyTier))
+    }
+
+    private static func makeBufferedAudioStream(chunks: [Data]) -> AsyncThrowingStream<Data, Error> {
+        AsyncThrowingStream { continuation in
+            for chunk in chunks {
+                continuation.yield(chunk)
+            }
+            continuation.finish()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func speakIncrementalSegment(
+        _ text: String,
+        context preferredContext: IncrementalSpeechContext? = nil,
+        prefetchedAudio: IncrementalPrefetchedAudio? = nil
+    ) async
+    {
+        let context: IncrementalSpeechContext
+        if let preferredContext {
+            context = preferredContext
+        } else {
+            await self.updateIncrementalContextIfNeeded()
+            guard let resolvedContext = self.incrementalSpeechContext else {
+                try? await TalkSystemSpeechSynthesizer.shared.speak(
+                    text: text,
+                    language: self.incrementalSpeechLanguage)
+                return
+            }
+            context = resolvedContext
+        }
+
+        guard context.canUseElevenLabs, let apiKey = context.apiKey, let voiceId = context.voiceId else {
             try? await TalkSystemSpeechSynthesizer.shared.speak(
                 text: text,
                 language: self.incrementalSpeechLanguage)
             return
         }
 
-        if context.canUseElevenLabs, let apiKey = context.apiKey, let voiceId = context.voiceId {
-            let request = ElevenLabsTTSRequest(
-                text: text,
-                modelId: context.modelId,
-                outputFormat: context.outputFormat,
-                speed: TalkTTSValidation.resolveSpeed(
-                    speed: context.directive?.speed,
-                    rateWPM: context.directive?.rateWPM),
-                stability: TalkTTSValidation.validatedStability(
-                    context.directive?.stability,
-                    modelId: context.modelId),
-                similarity: TalkTTSValidation.validatedUnit(context.directive?.similarity),
-                style: TalkTTSValidation.validatedUnit(context.directive?.style),
-                speakerBoost: context.directive?.speakerBoost,
-                seed: TalkTTSValidation.validatedSeed(context.directive?.seed),
-                normalize: ElevenLabsTTSClient.validatedNormalize(context.directive?.normalize),
-                language: context.language,
-                latencyTier: TalkTTSValidation.validatedLatencyTier(context.directive?.latencyTier))
-            let client = ElevenLabsTTSClient(apiKey: apiKey)
-            let stream = client.streamSynthesize(voiceId: voiceId, request: request)
-            let sampleRate = TalkTTSValidation.pcmSampleRate(from: context.outputFormat)
-            let result: StreamingPlaybackResult
-            if let sampleRate {
-                self.lastPlaybackWasPCM = true
-                var playback = await self.pcmPlayer.play(stream: stream, sampleRate: sampleRate)
-                if !playback.finished, playback.interruptedAt == nil {
-                    self.logger.warning("pcm playback failed; retrying mp3")
-                    self.lastPlaybackWasPCM = false
-                    let mp3Format = ElevenLabsTTSClient.validatedOutputFormat("mp3_44100")
-                    let mp3Stream = client.streamSynthesize(
-                        voiceId: voiceId,
-                        request: ElevenLabsTTSRequest(
-                            text: text,
-                            modelId: context.modelId,
-                            outputFormat: mp3Format,
-                            speed: TalkTTSValidation.resolveSpeed(
-                                speed: context.directive?.speed,
-                                rateWPM: context.directive?.rateWPM),
-                            stability: TalkTTSValidation.validatedStability(
-                                context.directive?.stability,
-                                modelId: context.modelId),
-                            similarity: TalkTTSValidation.validatedUnit(context.directive?.similarity),
-                            style: TalkTTSValidation.validatedUnit(context.directive?.style),
-                            speakerBoost: context.directive?.speakerBoost,
-                            seed: TalkTTSValidation.validatedSeed(context.directive?.seed),
-                            normalize: ElevenLabsTTSClient.validatedNormalize(context.directive?.normalize),
-                            language: context.language,
-                            latencyTier: TalkTTSValidation.validatedLatencyTier(context.directive?.latencyTier)))
-                    playback = await self.mp3Player.play(stream: mp3Stream)
-                }
-                result = playback
-            } else {
-                self.lastPlaybackWasPCM = false
-                result = await self.mp3Player.play(stream: stream)
-            }
-            if !result.finished, let interruptedAt = result.interruptedAt {
-                self.lastInterruptedAtSeconds = interruptedAt
-            }
+        let client = ElevenLabsTTSClient(apiKey: apiKey)
+        let request = self.makeIncrementalTTSRequest(
+            text: text,
+            context: context,
+            outputFormat: context.outputFormat)
+        let stream: AsyncThrowingStream<Data, Error>
+        if let prefetchedAudio, !prefetchedAudio.chunks.isEmpty {
+            stream = Self.makeBufferedAudioStream(chunks: prefetchedAudio.chunks)
         } else {
-            try? await TalkSystemSpeechSynthesizer.shared.speak(
-                text: text,
-                language: self.incrementalSpeechLanguage)
+            stream = client.streamSynthesize(voiceId: voiceId, request: request)
+        }
+        let playbackFormat = prefetchedAudio?.outputFormat ?? context.outputFormat
+        let sampleRate = TalkTTSValidation.pcmSampleRate(from: playbackFormat)
+        let result: StreamingPlaybackResult
+        if let sampleRate {
+            self.lastPlaybackWasPCM = true
+            var playback = await self.pcmPlayer.play(stream: stream, sampleRate: sampleRate)
+            if !playback.finished, playback.interruptedAt == nil {
+                self.logger.warning("pcm playback failed; retrying mp3")
+                self.lastPlaybackWasPCM = false
+                let mp3Format = ElevenLabsTTSClient.validatedOutputFormat("mp3_44100")
+                let mp3Stream = client.streamSynthesize(
+                    voiceId: voiceId,
+                    request: self.makeIncrementalTTSRequest(
+                        text: text,
+                        context: context,
+                        outputFormat: mp3Format))
+                playback = await self.mp3Player.play(stream: mp3Stream)
+            }
+            result = playback
+        } else {
+            self.lastPlaybackWasPCM = false
+            result = await self.mp3Player.play(stream: stream)
+        }
+        if !result.finished, let interruptedAt = result.interruptedAt {
+            self.lastInterruptedAtSeconds = interruptedAt
         }
     }
 
@@ -1733,6 +1925,10 @@ extension TalkModeManager {
             } else {
                 self.apiKey = (localApiKey?.isEmpty == false) ? localApiKey : configApiKey
             }
+            self.gatewayTalkDefaultVoiceId = self.defaultVoiceId
+            self.gatewayTalkDefaultModelId = self.defaultModelId
+            self.gatewayTalkApiKeyConfigured = (self.apiKey?.isEmpty == false)
+            self.gatewayTalkConfigLoaded = true
             if let interrupt = talk?["interruptOnSpeech"] as? Bool {
                 self.interruptOnSpeech = interrupt
             }
@@ -1741,6 +1937,10 @@ extension TalkModeManager {
             if !self.modelOverrideActive {
                 self.currentModelId = self.defaultModelId
             }
+            self.gatewayTalkDefaultVoiceId = nil
+            self.gatewayTalkDefaultModelId = nil
+            self.gatewayTalkApiKeyConfigured = false
+            self.gatewayTalkConfigLoaded = false
         }
     }
 
@@ -1862,7 +2062,7 @@ extension TalkModeManager {
 }
 #endif
 
-private struct IncrementalSpeechContext {
+private struct IncrementalSpeechContext: Equatable {
     let apiKey: String?
     let voiceId: String?
     let modelId: String?
@@ -1872,4 +2072,18 @@ private struct IncrementalSpeechContext {
     let canUseElevenLabs: Bool
 }
 
+private struct IncrementalSpeechPrefetchState {
+    let id: UUID
+    let segment: String
+    let context: IncrementalSpeechContext
+    let outputFormat: String?
+    var chunks: [Data]?
+    let task: Task<Void, Never>
+}
+
+private struct IncrementalPrefetchedAudio {
+    let chunks: [Data]
+    let outputFormat: String?
+}
+
 // swiftlint:enable type_body_length

apps/ios/Tests/DeepLinkParserTests.swift

@@ -85,6 +85,18 @@ import Testing
                 .init(host: "openclaw.local", port: 18789, tls: true, token: "abc", password: "def")))
     }
 
+    @Test func parseGatewayLinkRejectsInsecureNonLoopbackWs() {
+        let url = URL(
+            string: "openclaw://gateway?host=attacker.example&port=18789&tls=0&token=abc")!
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test func parseGatewayLinkRejectsInsecurePrefixBypassHost() {
+        let url = URL(
+            string: "openclaw://gateway?host=127.attacker.example&port=18789&tls=0&token=abc")!
+        #expect(DeepLinkParser.parse(url) == nil)
+    }
+
     @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeParsesBase64UrlPayload() {
         let payload = #"{"url":"wss://gateway.example.com:443","token":"tok","password":"pw"}"#
         let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
@@ -124,4 +136,46 @@ import Testing
             token: "tok",
             password: nil))
     }
+
+    @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecureNonLoopbackWs() {
+        let payload = #"{"url":"ws://attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        #expect(link == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeRejectsInsecurePrefixBypassHost() {
+        let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.attacker.example:18789","token":"tok"}"#
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+        #expect(link == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test func parseGatewaySetupCodeAllowsLoopbackWs() {
+        let payload = #"{"url":"ws://127.0.0.1:18789","token":"tok"}"#
+        let encoded = Data(payload.utf8)
+            .base64EncodedString()
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "+", with: "-")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "/", with: "_")
+            .replacingOccurrences(of: "=", with: "")
+
+        let link = GatewayConnectDeepLink.fromSetupCode(encoded)
+
+        #expect(link == .init(
+            host: "127.0.0.1",
+            port: 18789,
+            tls: false,
+            token: "tok",
+            password: nil))
+    }
 }

apps/ios/Tests/GatewayConnectionSecurityTests.swift

@@ -102,4 +102,30 @@ import Testing
 
         #expect(controller._test_didAutoConnect() == false)
     }
+
+    @Test @MainActor func manualConnectionsForceTLSForNonLoopbackHosts() async {
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
+        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "gateway.example.com", useTLS: false) == true)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "openclaw.local", useTLS: false) == true)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "127.attacker.example", useTLS: false) == true)
+
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "localhost", useTLS: false) == false)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "127.0.0.1", useTLS: false) == false)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "::1", useTLS: false) == false)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "[::1]", useTLS: false) == false)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "::ffff:127.0.0.1", useTLS: false) == false)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualUseTLS(host: "0.0.0.0", useTLS: false) == false)
+    }
+
+    @Test @MainActor func manualDefaultPortUses443OnlyForTailnetTLSHosts() async {
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel()
+        let controller = GatewayConnectionController(appModel: appModel, startDiscovery: false)
+
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "gateway.example.com", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 18789)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "device.sample.ts.net", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 443)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "device.sample.ts.net.", port: 0, useTLS: true) == 443)
+        #expect(controller._test_resolveManualPort(host: "device.sample.ts.net", port: 18789, useTLS: true) == 18789)
+    }
 }

apps/ios/Tests/Info.plist

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 			<string>BNDL</string>
 			<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-			<string>2026.2.20</string>
+			<string>2026.2.21</string>
 			<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 			<string>20260220</string>
 		</dict>

apps/ios/Tests/NodeAppModelInvokeTests.swift

@@ -42,24 +42,28 @@ private final class MockWatchMessagingService: WatchMessagingServicing, @uncheck
         queuedForDelivery: false,
         transport: "sendMessage")
     var sendError: Error?
-    var lastSent: (id: String, title: String, body: String, priority: OpenClawNotificationPriority?)?
+    var lastSent: (id: String, params: OpenClawWatchNotifyParams)?
+    private var replyHandler: (@Sendable (WatchQuickReplyEvent) -> Void)?
 
     func status() async -> WatchMessagingStatus {
         self.currentStatus
     }
 
-    func sendNotification(
-        id: String,
-        title: String,
-        body: String,
-        priority: OpenClawNotificationPriority?) async throws -> WatchNotificationSendResult
-    {
-        self.lastSent = (id: id, title: title, body: body, priority: priority)
+    func setReplyHandler(_ handler: (@Sendable (WatchQuickReplyEvent) -> Void)?) {
+        self.replyHandler = handler
+    }
+
+    func sendNotification(id: String, params: OpenClawWatchNotifyParams) async throws -> WatchNotificationSendResult {
+        self.lastSent = (id: id, params: params)
         if let sendError = self.sendError {
             throw sendError
         }
         return self.nextSendResult
     }
+
+    func emitReply(_ event: WatchQuickReplyEvent) {
+        self.replyHandler?(event)
+    }
 }
 
 @Suite(.serialized) struct NodeAppModelInvokeTests {
@@ -243,9 +247,9 @@ private final class MockWatchMessagingService: WatchMessagingServicing, @uncheck
 
         let res = await appModel._test_handleInvoke(req)
         #expect(res.ok == true)
-        #expect(watchService.lastSent?.title == "OpenClaw")
-        #expect(watchService.lastSent?.body == "Meeting with Peter is at 4pm")
-        #expect(watchService.lastSent?.priority == .timeSensitive)
+        #expect(watchService.lastSent?.params.title == "OpenClaw")
+        #expect(watchService.lastSent?.params.body == "Meeting with Peter is at 4pm")
+        #expect(watchService.lastSent?.params.priority == .timeSensitive)
 
         let payloadData = try #require(res.payloadJSON?.data(using: .utf8))
         let payload = try JSONDecoder().decode(OpenClawWatchNotifyPayload.self, from: payloadData)
@@ -292,6 +296,22 @@ private final class MockWatchMessagingService: WatchMessagingServicing, @uncheck
         #expect(res.error?.message.contains("WATCH_UNAVAILABLE") == true)
     }
 
+    @Test @MainActor func watchReplyQueuesWhenGatewayOffline() async {
+        let watchService = MockWatchMessagingService()
+        let appModel = NodeAppModel(watchMessagingService: watchService)
+        watchService.emitReply(
+            WatchQuickReplyEvent(
+                replyId: "reply-offline-1",
+                promptId: "prompt-1",
+                actionId: "approve",
+                actionLabel: "Approve",
+                sessionKey: "ios",
+                note: nil,
+                sentAtMs: 1234,
+                transport: "transferUserInfo"))
+        #expect(appModel._test_queuedWatchReplyCount() == 1)
+    }
+
     @Test @MainActor func handleDeepLinkSetsErrorWhenNotConnected() async {
         let appModel = NodeAppModel()
         let url = URL(string: "openclaw://agent?message=hello")!

apps/ios/WatchApp/Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/Contents.json

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+{
+  "images": [
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "notificationCenter",
+      "subtype": "38mm",
+      "size": "24x24",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-notification-38@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "notificationCenter",
+      "subtype": "42mm",
+      "size": "27.5x27.5",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-notification-42@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "companionSettings",
+      "size": "29x29",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-companion-29@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "companionSettings",
+      "size": "29x29",
+      "scale": "3x",
+      "filename": "watch-companion-29@3x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "appLauncher",
+      "subtype": "38mm",
+      "size": "40x40",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-app-38@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "appLauncher",
+      "subtype": "40mm",
+      "size": "44x44",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-app-40@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "appLauncher",
+      "subtype": "41mm",
+      "size": "46x46",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-app-41@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "appLauncher",
+      "subtype": "44mm",
+      "size": "50x50",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-app-44@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "appLauncher",
+      "subtype": "45mm",
+      "size": "51x51",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-app-45@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "quickLook",
+      "subtype": "38mm",
+      "size": "86x86",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-quicklook-38@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "quickLook",
+      "subtype": "42mm",
+      "size": "98x98",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-quicklook-42@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "quickLook",
+      "subtype": "44mm",
+      "size": "108x108",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-quicklook-44@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch",
+      "role": "quickLook",
+      "subtype": "45mm",
+      "size": "117x117",
+      "scale": "2x",
+      "filename": "watch-quicklook-45@2x.png"
+    },
+    {
+      "idiom": "watch-marketing",
+      "size": "1024x1024",
+      "scale": "1x",
+      "filename": "watch-marketing-1024.png"
+    }
+  ],
+  "info": {
+    "version": 1,
+    "author": "xcode"
+  }
+}

apps/ios/WatchApp/Assets.xcassets/Contents.json

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "info": {
+    "version": 1,
+    "author": "xcode"
+  }
+}

apps/ios/WatchApp/Info.plist

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
 	<string>APPL</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.20</string>
+	<string>2026.2.21</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 	<string>20260220</string>
 	<key>WKCompanionAppBundleIdentifier</key>

apps/ios/WatchExtension/Info.plist

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 	<key>CFBundleName</key>
 	<string>$(PRODUCT_NAME)</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-	<string>2026.2.20</string>
+	<string>2026.2.21</string>
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
 	<string>20260220</string>
 	<key>NSExtension</key>

apps/ios/WatchExtension/Sources/OpenClawWatchApp.swift

@@ -7,7 +7,15 @@ struct OpenClawWatchApp: App {
 
     var body: some Scene {
         WindowGroup {
-            WatchInboxView(store: self.inboxStore)
+            WatchInboxView(store: self.inboxStore) { action in
+                guard let receiver = self.receiver else { return }
+                let draft = self.inboxStore.makeReplyDraft(action: action)
+                self.inboxStore.markReplySending(actionLabel: action.label)
+                Task { @MainActor in
+                    let result = await receiver.sendReply(draft)
+                    self.inboxStore.markReplyResult(result, actionLabel: action.label)
+                }
+            }
                 .task {
                     if self.receiver == nil {
                         let receiver = WatchConnectivityReceiver(store: self.inboxStore)

apps/ios/WatchExtension/Sources/WatchConnectivityReceiver.swift

@@ -1,6 +1,23 @@
 import Foundation
 import WatchConnectivity
 
+struct WatchReplyDraft: Sendable {
+    var replyId: String
+    var promptId: String
+    var actionId: String
+    var actionLabel: String?
+    var sessionKey: String?
+    var note: String?
+    var sentAtMs: Int
+}
+
+struct WatchReplySendResult: Sendable, Equatable {
+    var deliveredImmediately: Bool
+    var queuedForDelivery: Bool
+    var transport: String
+    var errorMessage: String?
+}
+
 final class WatchConnectivityReceiver: NSObject, @unchecked Sendable {
     private let store: WatchInboxStore
     private let session: WCSession?
@@ -21,6 +38,114 @@ final class WatchConnectivityReceiver: NSObject, @unchecked Sendable {
         session.activate()
     }
 
+    private func ensureActivated() async {
+        guard let session = self.session else { return }
+        if session.activationState == .activated {
+            return
+        }
+        session.activate()
+        for _ in 0..<8 {
+            if session.activationState == .activated {
+                return
+            }
+            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000)
+        }
+    }
+
+    func sendReply(_ draft: WatchReplyDraft) async -> WatchReplySendResult {
+        await self.ensureActivated()
+        guard let session = self.session else {
+            return WatchReplySendResult(
+                deliveredImmediately: false,
+                queuedForDelivery: false,
+                transport: "none",
+                errorMessage: "watch session unavailable")
+        }
+
+        var payload: [String: Any] = [
+            "type": "watch.reply",
+            "replyId": draft.replyId,
+            "promptId": draft.promptId,
+            "actionId": draft.actionId,
+            "sentAtMs": draft.sentAtMs,
+        ]
+        if let actionLabel = draft.actionLabel?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
+           !actionLabel.isEmpty
+        {
+            payload["actionLabel"] = actionLabel
+        }
+        if let sessionKey = draft.sessionKey?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
+           !sessionKey.isEmpty
+        {
+            payload["sessionKey"] = sessionKey
+        }
+        if let note = draft.note?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !note.isEmpty {
+            payload["note"] = note
+        }
+
+        if session.isReachable {
+            do {
+                try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+                    session.sendMessage(payload, replyHandler: { _ in
+                        continuation.resume()
+                    }, errorHandler: { error in
+                        continuation.resume(throwing: error)
+                    })
+                }
+                return WatchReplySendResult(
+                    deliveredImmediately: true,
+                    queuedForDelivery: false,
+                    transport: "sendMessage",
+                    errorMessage: nil)
+            } catch {
+                // Fall through to queued delivery below.
+            }
+        }
+
+        _ = session.transferUserInfo(payload)
+        return WatchReplySendResult(
+            deliveredImmediately: false,
+            queuedForDelivery: true,
+            transport: "transferUserInfo",
+            errorMessage: nil)
+    }
+
+    private static func normalizeObject(_ value: Any) -> [String: Any]? {
+        if let object = value as? [String: Any] {
+            return object
+        }
+        if let object = value as? [AnyHashable: Any] {
+            var normalized: [String: Any] = [:]
+            normalized.reserveCapacity(object.count)
+            for (key, item) in object {
+                guard let stringKey = key as? String else {
+                    continue
+                }
+                normalized[stringKey] = item
+            }
+            return normalized
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+
+    private static func parseActions(_ value: Any?) -> [WatchPromptAction] {
+        guard let raw = value as? [Any] else {
+            return []
+        }
+        return raw.compactMap { item in
+            guard let obj = Self.normalizeObject(item) else {
+                return nil
+            }
+            let id = (obj["id"] as? String)?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+            let label = (obj["label"] as? String)?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+            guard !id.isEmpty, !label.isEmpty else {
+                return nil
+            }
+            let style = (obj["style"] as? String)?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            return WatchPromptAction(id: id, label: label, style: style)
+        }
+    }
+
     private static func parseNotificationPayload(_ payload: [String: Any]) -> WatchNotifyMessage? {
         guard let type = payload["type"] as? String, type == "watch.notify" else {
             return nil
@@ -38,12 +163,31 @@ final class WatchConnectivityReceiver: NSObject, @unchecked Sendable {
         let id = (payload["id"] as? String)?
             .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         let sentAtMs = (payload["sentAtMs"] as? Int) ?? (payload["sentAtMs"] as? NSNumber)?.intValue
+        let promptId = (payload["promptId"] as? String)?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let sessionKey = (payload["sessionKey"] as? String)?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let kind = (payload["kind"] as? String)?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let details = (payload["details"] as? String)?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let expiresAtMs = (payload["expiresAtMs"] as? Int) ?? (payload["expiresAtMs"] as? NSNumber)?.intValue
+        let risk = (payload["risk"] as? String)?
+            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let actions = Self.parseActions(payload["actions"])
 
         return WatchNotifyMessage(
             id: id,
             title: title,
             body: body,
-            sentAtMs: sentAtMs)
+            sentAtMs: sentAtMs,
+            promptId: promptId,
+            sessionKey: sessionKey,
+            kind: kind,
+            details: details,
+            expiresAtMs: expiresAtMs,
+            risk: risk,
+            actions: actions)
     }
 }
 

apps/ios/WatchExtension/Sources/WatchInboxStore.swift

@@ -3,11 +3,24 @@ import Observation
 import UserNotifications
 import WatchKit
 
+struct WatchPromptAction: Codable, Sendable, Equatable, Identifiable {
+    var id: String
+    var label: String
+    var style: String?
+}
+
 struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
     var id: String?
     var title: String
     var body: String
     var sentAtMs: Int?
+    var promptId: String?
+    var sessionKey: String?
+    var kind: String?
+    var details: String?
+    var expiresAtMs: Int?
+    var risk: String?
+    var actions: [WatchPromptAction]
 }
 
 @MainActor @Observable final class WatchInboxStore {
@@ -17,6 +30,15 @@ struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
         var transport: String
         var updatedAt: Date
         var lastDeliveryKey: String?
+        var promptId: String?
+        var sessionKey: String?
+        var kind: String?
+        var details: String?
+        var expiresAtMs: Int?
+        var risk: String?
+        var actions: [WatchPromptAction]?
+        var replyStatusText: String?
+        var replyStatusAt: Date?
     }
 
     private static let persistedStateKey = "watch.inbox.state.v1"
@@ -26,6 +48,16 @@ struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
     var body = "Waiting for messages from your iPhone."
     var transport = "none"
     var updatedAt: Date?
+    var promptId: String?
+    var sessionKey: String?
+    var kind: String?
+    var details: String?
+    var expiresAtMs: Int?
+    var risk: String?
+    var actions: [WatchPromptAction] = []
+    var replyStatusText: String?
+    var replyStatusAt: Date?
+    var isReplySending = false
     private var lastDeliveryKey: String?
 
     init(defaults: UserDefaults = .standard) {
@@ -51,14 +83,25 @@ struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
         self.body = message.body
         self.transport = transport
         self.updatedAt = Date()
+        self.promptId = message.promptId
+        self.sessionKey = message.sessionKey
+        self.kind = message.kind
+        self.details = message.details
+        self.expiresAtMs = message.expiresAtMs
+        self.risk = message.risk
+        self.actions = message.actions
         self.lastDeliveryKey = deliveryKey
+        self.replyStatusText = nil
+        self.replyStatusAt = nil
+        self.isReplySending = false
         self.persistState()
 
         Task {
             await self.postLocalNotification(
                 identifier: deliveryKey,
                 title: normalizedTitle,
-                body: message.body)
+                body: message.body,
+                risk: message.risk)
         }
     }
 
@@ -74,6 +117,15 @@ struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
         self.transport = state.transport
         self.updatedAt = state.updatedAt
         self.lastDeliveryKey = state.lastDeliveryKey
+        self.promptId = state.promptId
+        self.sessionKey = state.sessionKey
+        self.kind = state.kind
+        self.details = state.details
+        self.expiresAtMs = state.expiresAtMs
+        self.risk = state.risk
+        self.actions = state.actions ?? []
+        self.replyStatusText = state.replyStatusText
+        self.replyStatusAt = state.replyStatusAt
     }
 
     private func persistState() {
@@ -83,7 +135,16 @@ struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
             body: self.body,
             transport: self.transport,
             updatedAt: updatedAt,
-            lastDeliveryKey: self.lastDeliveryKey)
+            lastDeliveryKey: self.lastDeliveryKey,
+            promptId: self.promptId,
+            sessionKey: self.sessionKey,
+            kind: self.kind,
+            details: self.details,
+            expiresAtMs: self.expiresAtMs,
+            risk: self.risk,
+            actions: self.actions,
+            replyStatusText: self.replyStatusText,
+            replyStatusAt: self.replyStatusAt)
         guard let data = try? JSONEncoder().encode(state) else { return }
         self.defaults.set(data, forKey: Self.persistedStateKey)
     }
@@ -106,7 +167,52 @@ struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
         }
     }
 
-    private func postLocalNotification(identifier: String, title: String, body: String) async {
+    private func mapHapticRisk(_ risk: String?) -> WKHapticType {
+        switch risk?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased() {
+        case "high":
+            return .failure
+        case "medium":
+            return .notification
+        default:
+            return .click
+        }
+    }
+
+    func makeReplyDraft(action: WatchPromptAction) -> WatchReplyDraft {
+        let prompt = self.promptId?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        return WatchReplyDraft(
+            replyId: UUID().uuidString,
+            promptId: (prompt?.isEmpty == false) ? prompt! : "unknown",
+            actionId: action.id,
+            actionLabel: action.label,
+            sessionKey: self.sessionKey,
+            note: nil,
+            sentAtMs: Int(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000))
+    }
+
+    func markReplySending(actionLabel: String) {
+        self.isReplySending = true
+        self.replyStatusText = "Sending \(actionLabel)…"
+        self.replyStatusAt = Date()
+        self.persistState()
+    }
+
+    func markReplyResult(_ result: WatchReplySendResult, actionLabel: String) {
+        self.isReplySending = false
+        if let errorMessage = result.errorMessage, !errorMessage.isEmpty {
+            self.replyStatusText = "Failed: \(errorMessage)"
+        } else if result.deliveredImmediately {
+            self.replyStatusText = "\(actionLabel): sent"
+        } else if result.queuedForDelivery {
+            self.replyStatusText = "\(actionLabel): queued"
+        } else {
+            self.replyStatusText = "\(actionLabel): sent"
+        }
+        self.replyStatusAt = Date()
+        self.persistState()
+    }
+
+    private func postLocalNotification(identifier: String, title: String, body: String, risk: String?) async {
         let content = UNMutableNotificationContent()
         content.title = title
         content.body = body
@@ -119,6 +225,6 @@ struct WatchNotifyMessage: Sendable {
             trigger: UNTimeIntervalNotificationTrigger(timeInterval: 0.2, repeats: false))
 
         _ = try? await UNUserNotificationCenter.current().add(request)
-        WKInterfaceDevice.current().play(.notification)
+        WKInterfaceDevice.current().play(self.mapHapticRisk(risk))
     }
 }

apps/ios/WatchExtension/Sources/WatchInboxView.swift

@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@ import SwiftUI
 
 struct WatchInboxView: View {
     @Bindable var store: WatchInboxStore
+    var onAction: ((WatchPromptAction) -> Void)?
+
+    private func role(for action: WatchPromptAction) -> ButtonRole? {
+        switch action.style?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased() {
+        case "destructive":
+            return .destructive
+        case "cancel":
+            return .cancel
+        default:
+            return nil
+        }
+    }
 
     var body: some View {
         ScrollView {
@@ -14,6 +26,31 @@ struct WatchInboxView: View {
                     .font(.body)
                     .fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true)
 
+                if let details = store.details, !details.isEmpty {
+                    Text(details)
+                        .font(.footnote)
+                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                        .fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true)
+                }
+
+                if !store.actions.isEmpty {
+                    ForEach(store.actions) { action in
+                        Button(role: self.role(for: action)) {
+                            self.onAction?(action)
+                        } label: {
+                            Text(action.label)
+                                .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
+                        }
+                        .disabled(store.isReplySending)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let replyStatusText = store.replyStatusText, !replyStatusText.isEmpty {
+                    Text(replyStatusText)
+                        .font(.footnote)
+                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                }
+
                 if let updatedAt = store.updatedAt {
                     Text("Updated \(updatedAt.formatted(date: .omitted, time: .shortened))")
                         .font(.footnote)

apps/ios/project.yml

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ targets:
           - CFBundleURLName: ai.openclaw.ios
             CFBundleURLSchemes:
               - openclaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.20"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.21"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260220"
         UILaunchScreen: {}
         UIApplicationSceneManifest:
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ targets:
         UIBackgroundModes:
           - audio
           - remote-notification
+        BGTaskSchedulerPermittedIdentifiers:
+          - ai.openclaw.ios.bgrefresh
         NSLocalNetworkUsageDescription: OpenClaw discovers and connects to your OpenClaw gateway on the local network.
         NSAppTransportSecurity:
           NSAllowsArbitraryLoadsInWebContent: true
@@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ targets:
       path: ShareExtension/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw Share
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.20"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.21"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260220"
         NSExtension:
           NSExtensionPointIdentifier: com.apple.share-services
@@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ targets:
       path: WatchApp/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.20"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.21"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260220"
         WKCompanionAppBundleIdentifier: "$(OPENCLAW_APP_BUNDLE_ID)"
         WKWatchKitApp: true
@@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ targets:
       path: WatchExtension/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClaw
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.20"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.21"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260220"
         NSExtension:
           NSExtensionAttributes:
@@ -226,5 +228,5 @@ targets:
       path: Tests/Info.plist
       properties:
         CFBundleDisplayName: OpenClawTests
-        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.20"
+        CFBundleShortVersionString: "2026.2.21"
         CFBundleVersion: "20260220"

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AppState.swift

@@ -480,8 +480,7 @@ final class AppState {
                             remote.removeValue(forKey: "url")
                             remoteChanged = true
                         }
-                    } else {
-                        let normalizedUrl = GatewayRemoteConfig.normalizeGatewayUrlString(trimmedUrl) ?? trimmedUrl
+                    } else if let normalizedUrl = GatewayRemoteConfig.normalizeGatewayUrlString(trimmedUrl) {
                         if (remote["url"] as? String) != normalizedUrl {
                             remote["url"] = normalizedUrl
                             remoteChanged = true

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CameraCaptureService.swift

@@ -357,8 +357,8 @@ private final class PhotoCaptureDelegate: NSObject, AVCapturePhotoCaptureDelegat
     func photoOutput(
         _ output: AVCapturePhotoOutput,
         didFinishProcessingPhoto photo: AVCapturePhoto,
-        error: Error?
-    ) {
+        error: Error?)
+    {
         guard !self.didResume, let cont else { return }
         self.didResume = true
         self.cont = nil
@@ -380,8 +380,8 @@ private final class PhotoCaptureDelegate: NSObject, AVCapturePhotoCaptureDelegat
     func photoOutput(
         _ output: AVCapturePhotoOutput,
         didFinishCaptureFor resolvedSettings: AVCaptureResolvedPhotoSettings,
-        error: Error?
-    ) {
+        error: Error?)
+    {
         guard let error else { return }
         guard !self.didResume, let cont else { return }
         self.didResume = true

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CoalescingFSEventsWatcher.swift

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ final class CoalescingFSEventsWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
         queueLabel: String,
         coalesceDelay: TimeInterval = 0.12,
         shouldNotify: @escaping (Int, UnsafeMutableRawPointer?) -> Bool = { _, _ in true },
-        onChange: @escaping () -> Void
-    ) {
+        onChange: @escaping () -> Void)
+    {
         self.paths = paths
         self.queue = DispatchQueue(label: queueLabel)
         self.coalesceDelay = coalesceDelay
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ extension CoalescingFSEventsWatcher {
     private func handleEvents(
         numEvents: Int,
         eventPaths: UnsafeMutableRawPointer?,
-        eventFlags: UnsafePointer<FSEventStreamEventFlags>?
-    ) {
+        eventFlags: UnsafePointer<FSEventStreamEventFlags>?)
+    {
         guard numEvents > 0 else { return }
         guard eventFlags != nil else { return }
         guard self.shouldNotify(numEvents, eventPaths) else { return }
@@ -108,4 +108,3 @@ extension CoalescingFSEventsWatcher {
         }
     }
 }
-

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecAllowlistMatcher.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum ExecAllowlistMatcher {
+    static func match(entries: [ExecAllowlistEntry], resolution: ExecCommandResolution?) -> ExecAllowlistEntry? {
+        guard let resolution, !entries.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        let rawExecutable = resolution.rawExecutable
+        let resolvedPath = resolution.resolvedPath
+
+        for entry in entries {
+            switch ExecApprovalHelpers.validateAllowlistPattern(entry.pattern) {
+            case .valid(let pattern):
+                let target = resolvedPath ?? rawExecutable
+                if self.matches(pattern: pattern, target: target) { return entry }
+            case .invalid:
+                continue
+            }
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+
+    static func matchAll(
+        entries: [ExecAllowlistEntry],
+        resolutions: [ExecCommandResolution]) -> [ExecAllowlistEntry]
+    {
+        guard !entries.isEmpty, !resolutions.isEmpty else { return [] }
+        var matches: [ExecAllowlistEntry] = []
+        matches.reserveCapacity(resolutions.count)
+        for resolution in resolutions {
+            guard let match = self.match(entries: entries, resolution: resolution) else {
+                return []
+            }
+            matches.append(match)
+        }
+        return matches
+    }
+
+    private static func matches(pattern: String, target: String) -> Bool {
+        let trimmed = pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return false }
+        let expanded = trimmed.hasPrefix("~") ? (trimmed as NSString).expandingTildeInPath : trimmed
+        let normalizedPattern = self.normalizeMatchTarget(expanded)
+        let normalizedTarget = self.normalizeMatchTarget(target)
+        guard let regex = self.regex(for: normalizedPattern) else { return false }
+        let range = NSRange(location: 0, length: normalizedTarget.utf16.count)
+        return regex.firstMatch(in: normalizedTarget, options: [], range: range) != nil
+    }
+
+    private static func normalizeMatchTarget(_ value: String) -> String {
+        value.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\\\", with: "/").lowercased()
+    }
+
+    private static func regex(for pattern: String) -> NSRegularExpression? {
+        var regex = "^"
+        var idx = pattern.startIndex
+        while idx < pattern.endIndex {
+            let ch = pattern[idx]
+            if ch == "*" {
+                let next = pattern.index(after: idx)
+                if next < pattern.endIndex, pattern[next] == "*" {
+                    regex += ".*"
+                    idx = pattern.index(after: next)
+                } else {
+                    regex += "[^/]*"
+                    idx = next
+                }
+                continue
+            }
+            if ch == "?" {
+                regex += "."
+                idx = pattern.index(after: idx)
+                continue
+            }
+            regex += NSRegularExpression.escapedPattern(for: String(ch))
+            idx = pattern.index(after: idx)
+        }
+        regex += "$"
+        return try? NSRegularExpression(pattern: regex, options: [.caseInsensitive])
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalEvaluation.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import Foundation
+
+struct ExecApprovalEvaluation {
+    let command: [String]
+    let displayCommand: String
+    let agentId: String?
+    let security: ExecSecurity
+    let ask: ExecAsk
+    let env: [String: String]
+    let resolution: ExecCommandResolution?
+    let allowlistResolutions: [ExecCommandResolution]
+    let allowlistMatches: [ExecAllowlistEntry]
+    let allowlistSatisfied: Bool
+    let allowlistMatch: ExecAllowlistEntry?
+    let skillAllow: Bool
+}
+
+enum ExecApprovalEvaluator {
+    static func evaluate(
+        command: [String],
+        rawCommand: String?,
+        cwd: String?,
+        envOverrides: [String: String]?,
+        agentId: String?) async -> ExecApprovalEvaluation
+    {
+        let trimmedAgent = agentId?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let normalizedAgentId = (trimmedAgent?.isEmpty == false) ? trimmedAgent : nil
+        let approvals = ExecApprovalsStore.resolve(agentId: normalizedAgentId)
+        let security = approvals.agent.security
+        let ask = approvals.agent.ask
+        let shellWrapper = ExecShellWrapperParser.extract(command: command, rawCommand: rawCommand).isWrapper
+        let env = HostEnvSanitizer.sanitize(overrides: envOverrides, shellWrapper: shellWrapper)
+        let displayCommand = ExecCommandFormatter.displayString(for: command, rawCommand: rawCommand)
+        let allowlistResolutions = ExecCommandResolution.resolveForAllowlist(
+            command: command,
+            rawCommand: rawCommand,
+            cwd: cwd,
+            env: env)
+        let allowlistMatches = security == .allowlist
+            ? ExecAllowlistMatcher.matchAll(entries: approvals.allowlist, resolutions: allowlistResolutions)
+            : []
+        let allowlistSatisfied = security == .allowlist &&
+            !allowlistResolutions.isEmpty &&
+            allowlistMatches.count == allowlistResolutions.count
+
+        let skillAllow: Bool
+        if approvals.agent.autoAllowSkills, !allowlistResolutions.isEmpty {
+            let bins = await SkillBinsCache.shared.currentBins()
+            skillAllow = allowlistResolutions.allSatisfy { bins.contains($0.executableName) }
+        } else {
+            skillAllow = false
+        }
+
+        return ExecApprovalEvaluation(
+            command: command,
+            displayCommand: displayCommand,
+            agentId: normalizedAgentId,
+            security: security,
+            ask: ask,
+            env: env,
+            resolution: allowlistResolutions.first,
+            allowlistResolutions: allowlistResolutions,
+            allowlistMatches: allowlistMatches,
+            allowlistSatisfied: allowlistSatisfied,
+            allowlistMatch: allowlistSatisfied ? allowlistMatches.first : nil,
+            skillAllow: skillAllow)
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovals.swift

@@ -90,6 +90,31 @@ enum ExecApprovalDecision: String, Codable, Sendable {
     case deny
 }
 
+enum ExecAllowlistPatternValidationReason: String, Codable, Sendable, Equatable {
+    case empty
+    case missingPathComponent
+
+    var message: String {
+        switch self {
+        case .empty:
+            "Pattern cannot be empty."
+        case .missingPathComponent:
+            "Path patterns only. Include '/', '~', or '\\\\'."
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum ExecAllowlistPatternValidation: Sendable, Equatable {
+    case valid(String)
+    case invalid(ExecAllowlistPatternValidationReason)
+}
+
+struct ExecAllowlistRejectedEntry: Sendable, Equatable {
+    let id: UUID
+    let pattern: String
+    let reason: ExecAllowlistPatternValidationReason
+}
+
 struct ExecAllowlistEntry: Codable, Hashable, Identifiable {
     var id: UUID
     var pattern: String
@@ -222,13 +247,25 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
             }
             agents.removeValue(forKey: "default")
         }
+        if !agents.isEmpty {
+            var normalizedAgents: [String: ExecApprovalsAgent] = [:]
+            normalizedAgents.reserveCapacity(agents.count)
+            for (key, var agent) in agents {
+                if let allowlist = agent.allowlist {
+                    let normalized = self.normalizeAllowlistEntries(allowlist, dropInvalid: false).entries
+                    agent.allowlist = normalized.isEmpty ? nil : normalized
+                }
+                normalizedAgents[key] = agent
+            }
+            agents = normalizedAgents
+        }
         return ExecApprovalsFile(
             version: 1,
             socket: ExecApprovalsSocketConfig(
                 path: socketPath.isEmpty ? nil : socketPath,
                 token: token.isEmpty ? nil : token),
             defaults: file.defaults,
-            agents: agents)
+            agents: agents.isEmpty ? nil : agents)
     }
 
     static func readSnapshot() -> ExecApprovalsSnapshot {
@@ -306,7 +343,12 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
     }
 
     static func ensureFile() -> ExecApprovalsFile {
-        var file = self.loadFile()
+        let url = self.fileURL()
+        let existed = FileManager().fileExists(atPath: url.path)
+        let loaded = self.loadFile()
+        let loadedHash = self.hashFile(loaded)
+
+        var file = self.normalizeIncoming(loaded)
         if file.socket == nil { file.socket = ExecApprovalsSocketConfig(path: nil, token: nil) }
         let path = file.socket?.path?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
         if path.isEmpty {
@@ -317,7 +359,9 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
             file.socket?.token = self.generateToken()
         }
         if file.agents == nil { file.agents = [:] }
-        self.saveFile(file)
+        if !existed || loadedHash != self.hashFile(file) {
+            self.saveFile(file)
+        }
         return file
     }
 
@@ -339,16 +383,9 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
                 ?? resolvedDefaults.askFallback,
             autoAllowSkills: agentEntry.autoAllowSkills ?? wildcardEntry.autoAllowSkills
                 ?? resolvedDefaults.autoAllowSkills)
-        let allowlist = ((wildcardEntry.allowlist ?? []) + (agentEntry.allowlist ?? []))
-            .map { entry in
-                ExecAllowlistEntry(
-                    id: entry.id,
-                    pattern: entry.pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
-                    lastUsedAt: entry.lastUsedAt,
-                    lastUsedCommand: entry.lastUsedCommand,
-                    lastResolvedPath: entry.lastResolvedPath)
-            }
-            .filter { !$0.pattern.isEmpty }
+        let allowlist = self.normalizeAllowlistEntries(
+            (wildcardEntry.allowlist ?? []) + (agentEntry.allowlist ?? []),
+            dropInvalid: true).entries
         let socketPath = self.expandPath(file.socket?.path ?? self.socketPath())
         let token = file.socket?.token ?? ""
         return ExecApprovalsResolved(
@@ -398,20 +435,30 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
         }
     }
 
-    static func addAllowlistEntry(agentId: String?, pattern: String) {
-        let trimmed = pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return }
+    @discardableResult
+    static func addAllowlistEntry(agentId: String?, pattern: String) -> ExecAllowlistPatternValidationReason? {
+        let normalizedPattern: String
+        switch ExecApprovalHelpers.validateAllowlistPattern(pattern) {
+        case .valid(let validPattern):
+            normalizedPattern = validPattern
+        case .invalid(let reason):
+            return reason
+        }
+
         self.updateFile { file in
             let key = self.agentKey(agentId)
             var agents = file.agents ?? [:]
             var entry = agents[key] ?? ExecApprovalsAgent()
             var allowlist = entry.allowlist ?? []
-            if allowlist.contains(where: { $0.pattern == trimmed }) { return }
-            allowlist.append(ExecAllowlistEntry(pattern: trimmed, lastUsedAt: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000))
+            if allowlist.contains(where: { $0.pattern == normalizedPattern }) { return }
+            allowlist.append(ExecAllowlistEntry(
+                pattern: normalizedPattern,
+                lastUsedAt: Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000))
             entry.allowlist = allowlist
             agents[key] = entry
             file.agents = agents
         }
+        return nil
     }
 
     static func recordAllowlistUse(
@@ -439,25 +486,21 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
         }
     }
 
-    static func updateAllowlist(agentId: String?, allowlist: [ExecAllowlistEntry]) {
+    @discardableResult
+    static func updateAllowlist(agentId: String?, allowlist: [ExecAllowlistEntry]) -> [ExecAllowlistRejectedEntry] {
+        var rejected: [ExecAllowlistRejectedEntry] = []
         self.updateFile { file in
             let key = self.agentKey(agentId)
             var agents = file.agents ?? [:]
             var entry = agents[key] ?? ExecApprovalsAgent()
-            let cleaned = allowlist
-                .map { item in
-                    ExecAllowlistEntry(
-                        id: item.id,
-                        pattern: item.pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines),
-                        lastUsedAt: item.lastUsedAt,
-                        lastUsedCommand: item.lastUsedCommand,
-                        lastResolvedPath: item.lastResolvedPath)
-                }
-                .filter { !$0.pattern.isEmpty }
+            let normalized = self.normalizeAllowlistEntries(allowlist, dropInvalid: true)
+            rejected = normalized.rejected
+            let cleaned = normalized.entries
             entry.allowlist = cleaned
             agents[key] = entry
             file.agents = agents
         }
+        return rejected
     }
 
     static func updateAgentSettings(agentId: String?, mutate: (inout ExecApprovalsAgent) -> Void) {
@@ -500,6 +543,14 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
         return digest.map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined()
     }
 
+    private static func hashFile(_ file: ExecApprovalsFile) -> String {
+        let encoder = JSONEncoder()
+        encoder.outputFormatting = [.sortedKeys]
+        let data = (try? encoder.encode(file)) ?? Data()
+        let digest = SHA256.hash(data: data)
+        return digest.map { String(format: "%02x", $0) }.joined()
+    }
+
     private static func expandPath(_ raw: String) -> String {
         let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         if trimmed == "~" {
@@ -519,14 +570,101 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
     }
 
     private static func normalizedPattern(_ pattern: String?) -> String? {
-        let trimmed = pattern?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        return trimmed.isEmpty ? nil : trimmed.lowercased()
+        switch ExecApprovalHelpers.validateAllowlistPattern(pattern) {
+        case .valid(let normalized):
+            return normalized.lowercased()
+        case .invalid(.empty):
+            return nil
+        case .invalid:
+            let trimmed = pattern?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+            return trimmed.isEmpty ? nil : trimmed.lowercased()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func migrateLegacyPattern(_ entry: ExecAllowlistEntry) -> ExecAllowlistEntry {
+        let trimmedPattern = entry.pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        let trimmedResolved = entry.lastResolvedPath?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        let normalizedResolved = trimmedResolved.isEmpty ? nil : trimmedResolved
+
+        switch ExecApprovalHelpers.validateAllowlistPattern(trimmedPattern) {
+        case .valid(let pattern):
+            return ExecAllowlistEntry(
+                id: entry.id,
+                pattern: pattern,
+                lastUsedAt: entry.lastUsedAt,
+                lastUsedCommand: entry.lastUsedCommand,
+                lastResolvedPath: normalizedResolved)
+        case .invalid:
+            switch ExecApprovalHelpers.validateAllowlistPattern(trimmedResolved) {
+            case .valid(let migratedPattern):
+                return ExecAllowlistEntry(
+                    id: entry.id,
+                    pattern: migratedPattern,
+                    lastUsedAt: entry.lastUsedAt,
+                    lastUsedCommand: entry.lastUsedCommand,
+                    lastResolvedPath: normalizedResolved)
+            case .invalid:
+                return ExecAllowlistEntry(
+                    id: entry.id,
+                    pattern: trimmedPattern,
+                    lastUsedAt: entry.lastUsedAt,
+                    lastUsedCommand: entry.lastUsedCommand,
+                    lastResolvedPath: normalizedResolved)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static func normalizeAllowlistEntries(
+        _ entries: [ExecAllowlistEntry],
+        dropInvalid: Bool) -> (entries: [ExecAllowlistEntry], rejected: [ExecAllowlistRejectedEntry])
+    {
+        var normalized: [ExecAllowlistEntry] = []
+        normalized.reserveCapacity(entries.count)
+        var rejected: [ExecAllowlistRejectedEntry] = []
+
+        for entry in entries {
+            let migrated = self.migrateLegacyPattern(entry)
+            let trimmedPattern = migrated.pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            let trimmedResolvedPath = migrated.lastResolvedPath?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+            let normalizedResolvedPath = trimmedResolvedPath.isEmpty ? nil : trimmedResolvedPath
+
+            switch ExecApprovalHelpers.validateAllowlistPattern(trimmedPattern) {
+            case .valid(let pattern):
+                normalized.append(
+                    ExecAllowlistEntry(
+                        id: migrated.id,
+                        pattern: pattern,
+                        lastUsedAt: migrated.lastUsedAt,
+                        lastUsedCommand: migrated.lastUsedCommand,
+                        lastResolvedPath: normalizedResolvedPath))
+            case .invalid(let reason):
+                if dropInvalid {
+                    rejected.append(
+                        ExecAllowlistRejectedEntry(
+                            id: migrated.id,
+                            pattern: trimmedPattern,
+                            reason: reason))
+                } else if reason != .empty {
+                    normalized.append(
+                        ExecAllowlistEntry(
+                            id: migrated.id,
+                            pattern: trimmedPattern,
+                            lastUsedAt: migrated.lastUsedAt,
+                            lastUsedCommand: migrated.lastUsedCommand,
+                            lastResolvedPath: normalizedResolvedPath))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return (normalized, rejected)
     }
 
     private static func mergeAgents(
         current: ExecApprovalsAgent,
         legacy: ExecApprovalsAgent) -> ExecApprovalsAgent
     {
+        let currentAllowlist = self.normalizeAllowlistEntries(current.allowlist ?? [], dropInvalid: false).entries
+        let legacyAllowlist = self.normalizeAllowlistEntries(legacy.allowlist ?? [], dropInvalid: false).entries
         var seen = Set<String>()
         var allowlist: [ExecAllowlistEntry] = []
         func append(_ entry: ExecAllowlistEntry) {
@@ -536,10 +674,10 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
             seen.insert(key)
             allowlist.append(entry)
         }
-        for entry in current.allowlist ?? [] {
+        for entry in currentAllowlist {
             append(entry)
         }
-        for entry in legacy.allowlist ?? [] {
+        for entry in legacyAllowlist {
             append(entry)
         }
 
@@ -552,102 +690,23 @@ enum ExecApprovalsStore {
     }
 }
 
-struct ExecCommandResolution: Sendable {
-    let rawExecutable: String
-    let resolvedPath: String?
-    let executableName: String
-    let cwd: String?
-
-    static func resolve(
-        command: [String],
-        rawCommand: String?,
-        cwd: String?,
-        env: [String: String]?) -> ExecCommandResolution?
-    {
-        let trimmedRaw = rawCommand?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if !trimmedRaw.isEmpty, let token = self.parseFirstToken(trimmedRaw) {
-            return self.resolveExecutable(rawExecutable: token, cwd: cwd, env: env)
-        }
-        return self.resolve(command: command, cwd: cwd, env: env)
-    }
-
-    static func resolve(command: [String], cwd: String?, env: [String: String]?) -> ExecCommandResolution? {
-        guard let raw = command.first?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !raw.isEmpty else {
-            return nil
-        }
-        return self.resolveExecutable(rawExecutable: raw, cwd: cwd, env: env)
-    }
-
-    private static func resolveExecutable(
-        rawExecutable: String,
-        cwd: String?,
-        env: [String: String]?) -> ExecCommandResolution?
-    {
-        let expanded = rawExecutable.hasPrefix("~") ? (rawExecutable as NSString).expandingTildeInPath : rawExecutable
-        let hasPathSeparator = expanded.contains("/") || expanded.contains("\\")
-        let resolvedPath: String? = {
-            if hasPathSeparator {
-                if expanded.hasPrefix("/") {
-                    return expanded
-                }
-                let base = cwd?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-                let root = (base?.isEmpty == false) ? base! : FileManager().currentDirectoryPath
-                return URL(fileURLWithPath: root).appendingPathComponent(expanded).path
-            }
-            let searchPaths = self.searchPaths(from: env)
-            return CommandResolver.findExecutable(named: expanded, searchPaths: searchPaths)
-        }()
-        let name = resolvedPath.map { URL(fileURLWithPath: $0).lastPathComponent } ?? expanded
-        return ExecCommandResolution(
-            rawExecutable: expanded,
-            resolvedPath: resolvedPath,
-            executableName: name,
-            cwd: cwd)
-    }
-
-    private static func parseFirstToken(_ command: String) -> String? {
-        let trimmed = command.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        guard let first = trimmed.first else { return nil }
-        if first == "\"" || first == "'" {
-            let rest = trimmed.dropFirst()
-            if let end = rest.firstIndex(of: first) {
-                return String(rest[..<end])
-            }
-            return String(rest)
-        }
-        return trimmed.split(whereSeparator: { $0.isWhitespace }).first.map(String.init)
-    }
-
-    private static func searchPaths(from env: [String: String]?) -> [String] {
-        let raw = env?["PATH"]
-        if let raw, !raw.isEmpty {
-            return raw.split(separator: ":").map(String.init)
-        }
-        return CommandResolver.preferredPaths()
-    }
-}
-
-enum ExecCommandFormatter {
-    static func displayString(for argv: [String]) -> String {
-        argv.map { arg in
-            let trimmed = arg.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-            guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return "\"\"" }
-            let needsQuotes = trimmed.contains { $0.isWhitespace || $0 == "\"" }
-            if !needsQuotes { return trimmed }
-            let escaped = trimmed.replacingOccurrences(of: "\"", with: "\\\"")
-            return "\"\(escaped)\""
-        }.joined(separator: " ")
-    }
-
-    static func displayString(for argv: [String], rawCommand: String?) -> String {
-        let trimmed = rawCommand?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if !trimmed.isEmpty { return trimmed }
-        return self.displayString(for: argv)
-    }
-}
-
 enum ExecApprovalHelpers {
+    static func validateAllowlistPattern(_ pattern: String?) -> ExecAllowlistPatternValidation {
+        let trimmed = pattern?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return .invalid(.empty) }
+        guard self.containsPathComponent(trimmed) else { return .invalid(.missingPathComponent) }
+        return .valid(trimmed)
+    }
+
+    static func isPathPattern(_ pattern: String?) -> Bool {
+        switch self.validateAllowlistPattern(pattern) {
+        case .valid:
+            true
+        case .invalid:
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
     static func parseDecision(_ raw: String?) -> ExecApprovalDecision? {
         let trimmed = raw?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
@@ -669,70 +728,9 @@ enum ExecApprovalHelpers {
         let pattern = resolution?.resolvedPath ?? resolution?.rawExecutable ?? command.first ?? ""
         return pattern.isEmpty ? nil : pattern
     }
-}
 
-enum ExecAllowlistMatcher {
-    static func match(entries: [ExecAllowlistEntry], resolution: ExecCommandResolution?) -> ExecAllowlistEntry? {
-        guard let resolution, !entries.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        let rawExecutable = resolution.rawExecutable
-        let resolvedPath = resolution.resolvedPath
-        let executableName = resolution.executableName
-
-        for entry in entries {
-            let pattern = entry.pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-            if pattern.isEmpty { continue }
-            let hasPath = pattern.contains("/") || pattern.contains("~") || pattern.contains("\\")
-            if hasPath {
-                let target = resolvedPath ?? rawExecutable
-                if self.matches(pattern: pattern, target: target) { return entry }
-            } else if self.matches(pattern: pattern, target: executableName) {
-                return entry
-            }
-        }
-        return nil
-    }
-
-    private static func matches(pattern: String, target: String) -> Bool {
-        let trimmed = pattern.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return false }
-        let expanded = trimmed.hasPrefix("~") ? (trimmed as NSString).expandingTildeInPath : trimmed
-        let normalizedPattern = self.normalizeMatchTarget(expanded)
-        let normalizedTarget = self.normalizeMatchTarget(target)
-        guard let regex = self.regex(for: normalizedPattern) else { return false }
-        let range = NSRange(location: 0, length: normalizedTarget.utf16.count)
-        return regex.firstMatch(in: normalizedTarget, options: [], range: range) != nil
-    }
-
-    private static func normalizeMatchTarget(_ value: String) -> String {
-        value.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\\\", with: "/").lowercased()
-    }
-
-    private static func regex(for pattern: String) -> NSRegularExpression? {
-        var regex = "^"
-        var idx = pattern.startIndex
-        while idx < pattern.endIndex {
-            let ch = pattern[idx]
-            if ch == "*" {
-                let next = pattern.index(after: idx)
-                if next < pattern.endIndex, pattern[next] == "*" {
-                    regex += ".*"
-                    idx = pattern.index(after: next)
-                } else {
-                    regex += "[^/]*"
-                    idx = next
-                }
-                continue
-            }
-            if ch == "?" {
-                regex += "."
-                idx = pattern.index(after: idx)
-                continue
-            }
-            regex += NSRegularExpression.escapedPattern(for: String(ch))
-            idx = pattern.index(after: idx)
-        }
-        regex += "$"
-        return try? NSRegularExpression(pattern: regex, options: [.caseInsensitive])
+    private static func containsPathComponent(_ pattern: String) -> Bool {
+        pattern.contains("/") || pattern.contains("~") || pattern.contains("\\")
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsSocket.swift

@@ -350,34 +350,7 @@ enum ExecApprovalsPromptPresenter {
 
 @MainActor
 private enum ExecHostExecutor {
-    private struct ExecApprovalContext {
-        let command: [String]
-        let displayCommand: String
-        let trimmedAgent: String?
-        let approvals: ExecApprovalsResolved
-        let security: ExecSecurity
-        let ask: ExecAsk
-        let autoAllowSkills: Bool
-        let env: [String: String]?
-        let resolution: ExecCommandResolution?
-        let allowlistMatch: ExecAllowlistEntry?
-        let skillAllow: Bool
-    }
-
-    private static let blockedEnvKeys: Set<String> = [
-        "PATH",
-        "NODE_OPTIONS",
-        "PYTHONHOME",
-        "PYTHONPATH",
-        "PERL5LIB",
-        "PERL5OPT",
-        "RUBYOPT",
-    ]
-
-    private static let blockedEnvPrefixes: [String] = [
-        "DYLD_",
-        "LD_",
-    ]
+    private typealias ExecApprovalContext = ExecApprovalEvaluation
 
     static func handle(_ request: ExecHostRequest) async -> ExecHostResponse {
         let command = request.command.map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
@@ -419,7 +392,7 @@ private enum ExecHostExecutor {
                     host: "node",
                     security: context.security.rawValue,
                     ask: context.ask.rawValue,
-                    agentId: context.trimmedAgent,
+                    agentId: context.agentId,
                     resolvedPath: context.resolution?.resolvedPath,
                     sessionKey: request.sessionKey))
 
@@ -440,7 +413,7 @@ private enum ExecHostExecutor {
         self.persistAllowlistEntry(decision: approvalDecision, context: context)
 
         if context.security == .allowlist,
-           context.allowlistMatch == nil,
+           !context.allowlistSatisfied,
            !context.skillAllow,
            !approvedByAsk
         {
@@ -450,12 +423,21 @@ private enum ExecHostExecutor {
                 reason: "allowlist-miss")
         }
 
-        if let match = context.allowlistMatch {
-            ExecApprovalsStore.recordAllowlistUse(
-                agentId: context.trimmedAgent,
-                pattern: match.pattern,
-                command: context.displayCommand,
-                resolvedPath: context.resolution?.resolvedPath)
+        if context.allowlistSatisfied {
+            var seenPatterns = Set<String>()
+            for (idx, match) in context.allowlistMatches.enumerated() {
+                if !seenPatterns.insert(match.pattern).inserted {
+                    continue
+                }
+                let resolvedPath = idx < context.allowlistResolutions.count
+                    ? context.allowlistResolutions[idx].resolvedPath
+                    : nil
+                ExecApprovalsStore.recordAllowlistUse(
+                    agentId: context.agentId,
+                    pattern: match.pattern,
+                    command: context.displayCommand,
+                    resolvedPath: resolvedPath)
+            }
         }
 
         if let errorResponse = await self.ensureScreenRecordingAccess(request.needsScreenRecording) {
@@ -470,43 +452,12 @@ private enum ExecHostExecutor {
     }
 
     private static func buildContext(request: ExecHostRequest, command: [String]) async -> ExecApprovalContext {
-        let displayCommand = ExecCommandFormatter.displayString(
-            for: command,
-            rawCommand: request.rawCommand)
-        let agentId = request.agentId?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        let trimmedAgent = (agentId?.isEmpty == false) ? agentId : nil
-        let approvals = ExecApprovalsStore.resolve(agentId: trimmedAgent)
-        let security = approvals.agent.security
-        let ask = approvals.agent.ask
-        let autoAllowSkills = approvals.agent.autoAllowSkills
-        let env = self.sanitizedEnv(request.env)
-        let resolution = ExecCommandResolution.resolve(
+        await ExecApprovalEvaluator.evaluate(
             command: command,
             rawCommand: request.rawCommand,
             cwd: request.cwd,
-            env: env)
-        let allowlistMatch = security == .allowlist
-            ? ExecAllowlistMatcher.match(entries: approvals.allowlist, resolution: resolution)
-            : nil
-        let skillAllow: Bool
-        if autoAllowSkills, let name = resolution?.executableName {
-            let bins = await SkillBinsCache.shared.currentBins()
-            skillAllow = bins.contains(name)
-        } else {
-            skillAllow = false
-        }
-        return ExecApprovalContext(
-            command: command,
-            displayCommand: displayCommand,
-            trimmedAgent: trimmedAgent,
-            approvals: approvals,
-            security: security,
-            ask: ask,
-            autoAllowSkills: autoAllowSkills,
-            env: env,
-            resolution: resolution,
-            allowlistMatch: allowlistMatch,
-            skillAllow: skillAllow)
+            envOverrides: request.env,
+            agentId: request.agentId)
     }
 
     private static func persistAllowlistEntry(
@@ -514,13 +465,18 @@ private enum ExecHostExecutor {
         context: ExecApprovalContext)
     {
         guard decision == .allowAlways, context.security == .allowlist else { return }
-        guard let pattern = ExecApprovalHelpers.allowlistPattern(
-            command: context.command,
-            resolution: context.resolution)
-        else {
-            return
+        var seenPatterns = Set<String>()
+        for candidate in context.allowlistResolutions {
+            guard let pattern = ExecApprovalHelpers.allowlistPattern(
+                command: context.command,
+                resolution: candidate)
+            else {
+                continue
+            }
+            if seenPatterns.insert(pattern).inserted {
+                ExecApprovalsStore.addAllowlistEntry(agentId: context.agentId, pattern: pattern)
+            }
         }
-        ExecApprovalsStore.addAllowlistEntry(agentId: context.trimmedAgent, pattern: pattern)
     }
 
     private static func ensureScreenRecordingAccess(_ needsScreenRecording: Bool?) async -> ExecHostResponse? {
@@ -579,20 +535,6 @@ private enum ExecHostExecutor {
             payload: payload,
             error: nil)
     }
-
-    private static func sanitizedEnv(_ overrides: [String: String]?) -> [String: String]? {
-        guard let overrides else { return nil }
-        var merged = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment
-        for (rawKey, value) in overrides {
-            let key = rawKey.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-            guard !key.isEmpty else { continue }
-            let upper = key.uppercased()
-            if self.blockedEnvKeys.contains(upper) { continue }
-            if self.blockedEnvPrefixes.contains(where: { upper.hasPrefix($0) }) { continue }
-            merged[key] = value
-        }
-        return merged
-    }
 }
 
 private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecCommandResolution.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+import Foundation
+
+struct ExecCommandResolution: Sendable {
+    let rawExecutable: String
+    let resolvedPath: String?
+    let executableName: String
+    let cwd: String?
+
+    static func resolve(
+        command: [String],
+        rawCommand: String?,
+        cwd: String?,
+        env: [String: String]?) -> ExecCommandResolution?
+    {
+        let trimmedRaw = rawCommand?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if !trimmedRaw.isEmpty, let token = self.parseFirstToken(trimmedRaw) {
+            return self.resolveExecutable(rawExecutable: token, cwd: cwd, env: env)
+        }
+        return self.resolve(command: command, cwd: cwd, env: env)
+    }
+
+    static func resolveForAllowlist(
+        command: [String],
+        rawCommand: String?,
+        cwd: String?,
+        env: [String: String]?) -> [ExecCommandResolution]
+    {
+        let shell = ExecShellWrapperParser.extract(command: command, rawCommand: rawCommand)
+        if shell.isWrapper {
+            guard let shellCommand = shell.command,
+                  let segments = self.splitShellCommandChain(shellCommand)
+            else {
+                // Fail closed: if we cannot safely parse a shell wrapper payload,
+                // treat this as an allowlist miss and require approval.
+                return []
+            }
+            var resolutions: [ExecCommandResolution] = []
+            resolutions.reserveCapacity(segments.count)
+            for segment in segments {
+                guard let token = self.parseFirstToken(segment),
+                      let resolution = self.resolveExecutable(rawExecutable: token, cwd: cwd, env: env)
+                else {
+                    return []
+                }
+                resolutions.append(resolution)
+            }
+            return resolutions
+        }
+
+        guard let resolution = self.resolve(command: command, rawCommand: rawCommand, cwd: cwd, env: env) else {
+            return []
+        }
+        return [resolution]
+    }
+
+    static func resolve(command: [String], cwd: String?, env: [String: String]?) -> ExecCommandResolution? {
+        let effective = ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper.unwrapDispatchWrappersForResolution(command)
+        guard let raw = effective.first?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !raw.isEmpty else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        return self.resolveExecutable(rawExecutable: raw, cwd: cwd, env: env)
+    }
+
+    private static func resolveExecutable(
+        rawExecutable: String,
+        cwd: String?,
+        env: [String: String]?) -> ExecCommandResolution?
+    {
+        let expanded = rawExecutable.hasPrefix("~") ? (rawExecutable as NSString).expandingTildeInPath : rawExecutable
+        let hasPathSeparator = expanded.contains("/") || expanded.contains("\\")
+        let resolvedPath: String? = {
+            if hasPathSeparator {
+                if expanded.hasPrefix("/") {
+                    return expanded
+                }
+                let base = cwd?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+                let root = (base?.isEmpty == false) ? base! : FileManager().currentDirectoryPath
+                return URL(fileURLWithPath: root).appendingPathComponent(expanded).path
+            }
+            let searchPaths = self.searchPaths(from: env)
+            return CommandResolver.findExecutable(named: expanded, searchPaths: searchPaths)
+        }()
+        let name = resolvedPath.map { URL(fileURLWithPath: $0).lastPathComponent } ?? expanded
+        return ExecCommandResolution(
+            rawExecutable: expanded,
+            resolvedPath: resolvedPath,
+            executableName: name,
+            cwd: cwd)
+    }
+
+    private static func parseFirstToken(_ command: String) -> String? {
+        let trimmed = command.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        guard let first = trimmed.first else { return nil }
+        if first == "\"" || first == "'" {
+            let rest = trimmed.dropFirst()
+            if let end = rest.firstIndex(of: first) {
+                return String(rest[..<end])
+            }
+            return String(rest)
+        }
+        return trimmed.split(whereSeparator: { $0.isWhitespace }).first.map(String.init)
+    }
+
+    private enum ShellTokenContext {
+        case unquoted
+        case doubleQuoted
+    }
+
+    private struct ShellFailClosedRule {
+        let token: Character
+        let next: Character?
+    }
+
+    private static let shellFailClosedRules: [ShellTokenContext: [ShellFailClosedRule]] = [
+        .unquoted: [
+            ShellFailClosedRule(token: "`", next: nil),
+            ShellFailClosedRule(token: "$", next: "("),
+            ShellFailClosedRule(token: "<", next: "("),
+            ShellFailClosedRule(token: ">", next: "("),
+        ],
+        .doubleQuoted: [
+            ShellFailClosedRule(token: "`", next: nil),
+            ShellFailClosedRule(token: "$", next: "("),
+        ],
+    ]
+
+    private static func splitShellCommandChain(_ command: String) -> [String]? {
+        let trimmed = command.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
+
+        var segments: [String] = []
+        var current = ""
+        var inSingle = false
+        var inDouble = false
+        var escaped = false
+        let chars = Array(trimmed)
+        var idx = 0
+
+        func appendCurrent() -> Bool {
+            let segment = current.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            guard !segment.isEmpty else { return false }
+            segments.append(segment)
+            current.removeAll(keepingCapacity: true)
+            return true
+        }
+
+        while idx < chars.count {
+            let ch = chars[idx]
+            let next: Character? = idx + 1 < chars.count ? chars[idx + 1] : nil
+
+            if escaped {
+                current.append(ch)
+                escaped = false
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+
+            if ch == "\\", !inSingle {
+                current.append(ch)
+                escaped = true
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+
+            if ch == "'", !inDouble {
+                inSingle.toggle()
+                current.append(ch)
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+
+            if ch == "\"", !inSingle {
+                inDouble.toggle()
+                current.append(ch)
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+
+            if !inSingle, self.shouldFailClosedForShell(ch: ch, next: next, inDouble: inDouble) {
+                // Fail closed on command/process substitution in allowlist mode,
+                // including command substitution inside double-quoted shell strings.
+                return nil
+            }
+
+            if !inSingle, !inDouble {
+                let prev: Character? = idx > 0 ? chars[idx - 1] : nil
+                if let delimiterStep = self.chainDelimiterStep(ch: ch, prev: prev, next: next) {
+                    guard appendCurrent() else { return nil }
+                    idx += delimiterStep
+                    continue
+                }
+            }
+
+            current.append(ch)
+            idx += 1
+        }
+
+        if escaped || inSingle || inDouble { return nil }
+        guard appendCurrent() else { return nil }
+        return segments
+    }
+
+    private static func shouldFailClosedForShell(ch: Character, next: Character?, inDouble: Bool) -> Bool {
+        let context: ShellTokenContext = inDouble ? .doubleQuoted : .unquoted
+        guard let rules = self.shellFailClosedRules[context] else {
+            return false
+        }
+        for rule in rules {
+            if ch == rule.token, rule.next == nil || next == rule.next {
+                return true
+            }
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    private static func chainDelimiterStep(ch: Character, prev: Character?, next: Character?) -> Int? {
+        if ch == ";" || ch == "\n" {
+            return 1
+        }
+        if ch == "&" {
+            if next == "&" {
+                return 2
+            }
+            // Keep fd redirections like 2>&1 or &>file intact.
+            let prevIsRedirect = prev == ">"
+            let nextIsRedirect = next == ">"
+            return (!prevIsRedirect && !nextIsRedirect) ? 1 : nil
+        }
+        if ch == "|" {
+            if next == "|" || next == "&" {
+                return 2
+            }
+            return 1
+        }
+        return nil
+    }
+
+    private static func searchPaths(from env: [String: String]?) -> [String] {
+        let raw = env?["PATH"]
+        if let raw, !raw.isEmpty {
+            return raw.split(separator: ":").map(String.init)
+        }
+        return CommandResolver.preferredPaths()
+    }
+}
+
+enum ExecCommandFormatter {
+    static func displayString(for argv: [String]) -> String {
+        argv.map { arg in
+            let trimmed = arg.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return "\"\"" }
+            let needsQuotes = trimmed.contains { $0.isWhitespace || $0 == "\"" }
+            if !needsQuotes { return trimmed }
+            let escaped = trimmed.replacingOccurrences(of: "\"", with: "\\\"")
+            return "\"\(escaped)\""
+        }.joined(separator: " ")
+    }
+
+    static func displayString(for argv: [String], rawCommand: String?) -> String {
+        let trimmed = rawCommand?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if !trimmed.isEmpty { return trimmed }
+        return self.displayString(for: argv)
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum ExecCommandToken {
+    static func basenameLower(_ token: String) -> String {
+        let trimmed = token.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return "" }
+        let normalized = trimmed.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\", with: "/")
+        return normalized.split(separator: "/").last.map { String($0).lowercased() } ?? normalized.lowercased()
+    }
+}
+
+enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
+    static let maxWrapperDepth = 4
+
+    private static let optionsWithValue = Set([
+        "-u",
+        "--unset",
+        "-c",
+        "--chdir",
+        "-s",
+        "--split-string",
+        "--default-signal",
+        "--ignore-signal",
+        "--block-signal",
+    ])
+    private static let flagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
+
+    private static func isEnvAssignment(_ token: String) -> Bool {
+        let pattern = #"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=.*"#
+        return token.range(of: pattern, options: .regularExpression) != nil
+    }
+
+    static func unwrap(_ command: [String]) -> [String]? {
+        var idx = 1
+        var expectsOptionValue = false
+        while idx < command.count {
+            let token = command[idx].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+            if token.isEmpty {
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+            if expectsOptionValue {
+                expectsOptionValue = false
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+            if token == "--" || token == "-" {
+                idx += 1
+                break
+            }
+            if self.isEnvAssignment(token) {
+                idx += 1
+                continue
+            }
+            if token.hasPrefix("-"), token != "-" {
+                let lower = token.lowercased()
+                let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
+                if self.flagOptions.contains(flag) {
+                    idx += 1
+                    continue
+                }
+                if self.optionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
+                    if !lower.contains("=") {
+                        expectsOptionValue = true
+                    }
+                    idx += 1
+                    continue
+                }
+                if lower.hasPrefix("-u") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("-c") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("-s") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("--unset=") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("--chdir=") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("--split-string=") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("--default-signal=") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("--ignore-signal=") ||
+                    lower.hasPrefix("--block-signal=")
+                {
+                    idx += 1
+                    continue
+                }
+                return nil
+            }
+            break
+        }
+        guard idx < command.count else { return nil }
+        return Array(command[idx...])
+    }
+
+    static func unwrapDispatchWrappersForResolution(_ command: [String]) -> [String] {
+        var current = command
+        var depth = 0
+        while depth < self.maxWrapperDepth {
+            guard let token = current.first?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !token.isEmpty else {
+                break
+            }
+            guard ExecCommandToken.basenameLower(token) == "env" else {
+                break
+            }
+            guard let unwrapped = self.unwrap(current), !unwrapped.isEmpty else {
+                break
+            }
+            current = unwrapped
+            depth += 1
+        }
+        return current
+    }
+}